- This centre is aimed at connecting eligible youth (aged 21–24) with internship opportunities, offering application guidance and support.

Main Point :-   (i) The facility will house multiple offices under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), bringing together key regulatory bodies to improve coordination and efficiency. These include the Regional Directorate (East), Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidator, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) – Kolkata Bench, and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).

      (ii) The Corporate Bhavan will serve as a true single-window interface for stakeholders such as companies, insolvency professionals, auditors, startups, and investors, enabling quicker access to corporate regulatory services.

(iii) The seven-storey building has a built-up area of approximately 13,239 sq. metres and was completed at a total project cost of Rs. 150.43 crores.

      - Offering an insider’s view of India’s socio-political landscape, the memoir is both historically rich and introspective. It serves as a valuable resource for students and competitive exam aspirants, providing context and commentary on pivotal moments in Indian history through the lens of lived experience.

Main Point :-   (i) Gopalkrishna Devadas Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari (India’s last Governor-General), served as the Governor of West Bengal from 14 December 2004 to 14 December 2009.

      (ii) With a distinguished background in public service and literature, his memoir contributes significantly to the canon of modern Indian political writing.

      - The six newly discovered Sericinae beetle species are — Maladera champhaiensis, found in Mizoram; Neoserica churachandpurensis, identified from Manipur; Maladera barasingha, named in honor of the Indian swamp deer; Maladera lumlaensis, discovered in Arunachal Pradesh; Serica subansiriensis, also from Arunachal Pradesh; and Maladera onam, which was found in Kerala.

Main Point :-   (i) The study also led to new state records, including Maladera bengalensis in Goa and Maladera seriatoguttata in Maharashtra. In total, 28 additional beetle species were documented, enhancing the distribution data and understanding of beetle diversity across India.

      (ii) The discoveries emphasize the importance of India’s biodiversity hotspots. Five of the six species were found in Northeast India, a region that forms part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, known for its high endemism and ecological sensitivity. Maladera onam, found in Kerala, highlights the richness and vulnerability of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site threatened by deforestation and human encroachment.

(iii) Sericinae beetles play dual roles in ecosystems. While some species are known agricultural pests impacting crops, others are beneficial to soil health, contributing to aeration and nutrient recycling, which is vital for maintaining ecological balance and agricultural productivity.

      - During the 2024–25 season, MBSG secured the ISL Winners Shield by defeating Odisha FC, showcasing consistent performance throughout the league stage.

Main Point :-   (i) In the Indian Super League (ISL) 2024–25 season, Alaaeddine Ajaraie of NorthEast United FC (NEUFC) emerged as the standout performer, clinching both the Golden Boot (Top Scorer) and Golden Ball (Best Player) awards. Vishal Kaith of Mohun Bagan Super Giant (MBSG) was awarded the Golden Glove for the most clean sheets. Brison Fernandes from FC Goa (FCG) was named the Emerging Player of the Season. Jamshedpur FC won the award for the Best Grassroot Program, while Punjab FC was recognized for having the Best Elite Youth Program.

      (ii) The Indian Super League (ISL) is India’s premier professional football league, established in 2014. It is co-promoted by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) based in New Delhi, Reliance Industries Limited from Mumbai, and Star India. In 2019, the league gained official recognition as the top-tier domestic league of India by both FIFA (Zurich, Switzerland) and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

(iii) The ISL features 13 clubs competing for two major titles: the ISL Winners Shield, awarded to the team topping the league table, and the ISL Title, given to the winner of the playoffs. Notably, in the 2023–24 season, the ISL Title was won by Mumbai City FC.

      - The agreement encompasses collaboration in vessel trials, commissioning processes, and comprehensive ship repair services.

Main Point :-   (i) GRSE and SDHI will adopt integrated project management approaches and co-create solutions to minimise operational hurdles.

      (ii) A strong emphasis will be placed on establishing a mutually advantageous vendor and supply chain framework, with joint procurement and sourcing strategies.

(iii) The agreement includes training initiatives to cultivate skilled manpower, supporting long-term growth of the shipbuilding sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The account also offers enhanced debit card insurance coverage, including up to Rs 15 lakh for personal accident cover and Rs 3 lakh for purchase protection.

      (ii) Customers enjoy domestic lounge access, with 2 visits per quarter for the cardholder and 1 for a companion.

(iii) To qualify for the 'Elite Plus' Savings Account, customers must be Indian residents and meet any of the following balance criteria: a monthly average savings account balance of Rs 15,00,000, a term deposit relationship of Rs 75,00,000, or a Total Relationship Value (TRV) of Rs 15,00,000 or above.

      - In March 2025, L&T Finance (LTF) appointed Jasprit Bumrah as its brand ambassador to boost its presence and promote financial products. He will feature in ATL and BTL campaigns, with the partnership facilitated by RISE Worldwide. Bumrah also endorses JK Super Cement and Skechers Cricket footwear.

Main Point :-   (i) Under Rohit Sharma's captaincy, India secured victories in the International Cricket Council (ICC) Men's Champions Trophy 2025, Asia Cup 2023, and ICC Men's Twenty20 (T20) World Cup 2024, while finishing as runners-up in the ICC Men's ODI World Cup 2023.

      (ii) Apart from SRMB Steel, Rohit Sharma is the brand ambassador for several leading companies, including Adidas (Sportswear), CEAT Tyres (Tyre manufacturer), Dream11 (Fantasy sports platform), Max Life Insurance, Oppo (Smartphone), and Hublot (Swiss watches), among others.

Main Point :-   (i) Aligned with Meghalaya’s vision of achieving a USD 10 billion economy, the event focused on policy reforms, infrastructure development, entrepreneurship, and grassroots economic networks as key drivers of growth.

      (ii) The state seeks to capitalize on its strategic location and the Act East Policy framework to attract cross-border investments and improve regional connectivity.

(iii) Launched in 2014 at the 12th ASEAN-India Summit in Myanmar, the Act East Policy succeeded the Look East Policy (1992) with the aim of strengthening trade and investment relations with Southeast Asian nations.

Main Point :-   (i) This partnership further strengthens Bandhan Bank’s role as a SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) Service Centre for defence personnel.

      (ii) In collaboration with the Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA), MoD, the bank operates 557 designated branches for processing pensions and supporting defence pensioners and their families.

(iii) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has appointed Bandhan Bank as an Agency Bank, authorizing it to handle tax collections under the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) and to disburse Central Civil Pensions and Railway Pensions on behalf of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), GoI.

Main Point :-   (i) The initiative aims to develop clean coal technologies and diversify coal consumption. Both entities will work together to establish cutting-edge technological readiness levels (TRLs) for the long-term use of Indian coal.

      (ii) The management of CIL has approved a five-year grant of Rs 98 crores to IIT Hyderabad for the establishment of this Center of Excellence. After the initial five-year investment from CIL, it is expected to achieve financial sustainability in the long term.

(iii) This collaboration is part of the National Centre for Coal and Energy Research (NaCCER), an independent Research and Development (R&D) unit of the Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI), which serves as CIL's mine development and consultancy arm.

      - His notable innovations include Oroscreen, a torch-like imaging device for the early detection of oral cancer, and Covirap, a rapid COVID-19 detection test kit, which has been granted a United States (U.S.) patent for its rapid nucleic acid testing technology using Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) samples. He also developed PrepapQR, a home test for women to accurately test vaginal potential of hydrogen (pH) using a strip, and HemoQR, a simplified anaemia screening technology.

Main Point :-   (i) The TWAS Awards have been presented annually since their inception in 1985. From 2020, the TWAS Award is presented biennially and recognizes scientists from developing countries for their outstanding contributions to scientific knowledge and sustainable development.

      (ii) The award winner receives a cash prize of USD 10,000, along with a commemorative plaque during the TWAS General Conference.

      - Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy launched two significant digital initiatives during the event: the Field Data Acquisition Application (App) and the Geo-heritage App 'Bhuvirasat', aimed at improving the efficiency of data collection and promoting awareness of India's rich geo-heritage.

Main Point :-   (i) On March 2, 2025, GSI organized a nationwide walkathon across 27 locations to kick off its 175th Foundation Year celebrations.

      (ii) The walkathon was designed to promote fitness and raise awareness about geoscience, with the theme "Geoscience for a Safe World".

(iii) The GSI is one of the oldest geological surveys in the world and the second oldest survey in India after the Survey of India (founded in 1767).

Main Point :-   (i) This nematode is characterized by a medium-sized slender body, rounded lip region, large odontostyle, long pharynx, and distinct features in the female reproductive system, along with a uniquely shaped tail.

      (ii) Members of the Crassolabium genus display omnivorous and predatory behavior, although detailed research is ongoing to better understand their feeding habits.

(iii) With the addition of Crassolabium dhritiae, the global count of species in the Crassolabium genus rises to 39, including 9 species reported from India.

Main Point :-   (i) Previously, GRSE provided 44 Modular Bridges to the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) for installation across India, as well as to various state governments and friendly countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.

      (ii) In 2024, GRSE and the National Highway Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) made an agreement for delivering Class 70R Double-Lane Bridges.

(iii) As of February 2025, GRSE has supplied more than 5,800 Modular Bridges. This aligns with the Government of India's Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.

Main Point :-   (i) Previously, GRSE provided 44 Modular Bridges to the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) for installation across India, as well as to various state governments and friendly countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.

      (ii) In 2024, GRSE and the National Highway Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) made an agreement for delivering Class 70R Double-Lane Bridges.

(iii) As of February 2025, GRSE has supplied more than 5,800 Modular Bridges. This aligns with the Government of India's Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.

Main Point :-   (i) The project includes 84 kilometers (km) of trunk and secondary sewerage & drainage pipelines, 176 km of lateral sewerage & drainage pipelines connecting homes, 50,000 new domestic sewer connections, the construction of one sewage treatment plant, and five new pumping stations to prevent waterlogging.

      (ii) This project will enhance living conditions and health outcomes, particularly for vulnerable groups such as women and children, by lowering exposure to waterborne and vector-borne diseases and mitigating flood risks.

(iii) Additionally, the project will assist Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) in developing a comprehensive IT-based asset management system, increasing property tax revenue, expanding an earlier ADB intervention's early flood warning system, raising community awareness on water, sanitation, and hygiene, and promoting women's employment through skill training and internship programs.

Main Point :-   (i) Under the agreement, NTPC and EDF will establish a Joint Venture Company (JVC) with a 50:50 partnership, subject to receiving the necessary approvals from the Government of India (GoI).

      (ii) The JVC will independently undertake projects or may establish additional joint ventures and subsidiaries to execute such projects within India and its neighboring countries.

(iii) NTPC Limited contributes one-fourth of India's power requirements with an installed capacity of over 77 gigawatts (GW). The company is committed to achieving 60 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2032.

Main Point :-   (i) The exercise included simulated scenarios such as hijacking of fishing boats, smuggling, Improvised Explosive Device (IED) planting, and attacks on vital assets.

      (ii) It also featured coordinated sea and air surveillance by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) to enhance readiness against terror threats.

      - The 56th edition of the DG-level Border Coordination Conference is scheduled to take place in Bangladesh in July 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) Currently, hotlines exist between the force chiefs of both countries, as well as officers holding ranks such as Inspector General (IG) (regional commander for BGB), Deputy Inspector General (DIG) (sector commander for BGB), and other field-level officers. These communication links facilitate real-time exchange of information and intelligence, enabling effective monitoring of border issues and curbing cross-border crimes.

      (ii) During the meeting, India emphasized the importance of completing the fencing along the remaining sections of the 4,096 km-long border shared with Bangladesh, which spans across five Indian states—Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. According to official data, 864.48 km of the border remains unfenced, including 174.51 km classified as a 'non-feasible' gap.

(iii) The Directors General (DGs) of India and Bangladesh discussed the need to initiate fencing or the creation of a Single-Row Fence (SRF) at approximately 99 patches covering around 70-72 km of the border, following joint inspections and consultations. Previously, both sides had agreed to fencing at 92 patches, covering 95.8 km of the border.

      - All samples are stored at a temperature of minus 196°C in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) to maintain a cryogenic state, helping preserve the genetic diversity of species.

Main Point :-   (i) The samples can be preserved in the bio-bank for a minimum of 40 to 45 years.

      (ii) CCMB plans to establish bio-banks at other zoos, including the National Zoological Park in Delhi and Nandankanan Zoological Park in Barang, Odisha.

(iii) The animal museum has been created to preserve the bodies and skeletons of deceased animals. It currently houses specimens from 19 species at Darjeeling Zoo, including animals such as the Red Panda, Snow Leopard, and Siberian Tiger.

Main Point :-   (i) In 2025, WB uploaded 1,909 checklists, a slight decrease from 2,223 entries in 2024. Kerala led India in checklist submissions with 9,856 entries. Darjeeling recorded the highest number of species in WB with 252 species, though lower than last year's 308 species.

      (ii) South 24 Parganas emerged as the top district in WB with 513 checklists, while in 2024, Darjeeling held the top position with 342 checklists.

(iii) The Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) is a global annual bird-watching event held every February, launched in 1998 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the National Audubon Society (USA). It helps monitor bird populations through eBird, an online platform. India joined GBBC in 2013 with 200 participants.

      - 4% increase in Dearness Allowance (DA) for state government employees and pensioners has been announced, bringing the total DA to 18%, effective from 1 April 2025, while Rs 44,000 crore is earmarked for rural development and Panchayats.

Main Point :-   (i) An allocation of Rs 1,500 crore has been made for upgrading rural roads under various development schemes.

      (ii) The newly introduced 'Nadi Bandhan' Initiative, aimed at preventing riverbank erosion in river-centric areas, has been allocated Rs 200 crore.

(iii) Under the 'Banglar Bari' Housing Project, the state plans to construct 16 lakh new houses in 2025-26, with a budget of Rs 9,600 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) Additionally, 'Kitchener House' within the fort has been renamed as Manekshaw House, while the South Gate, previously called St. George's Gate, is now known as Shivaji Gate.

      (ii) These renaming efforts, initiated in December 2024, are part of broader steps to "Indianize" military traditions, an initiative endorsed by Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi.

(iii) The move aligns with India's larger mission to shed its colonial legacy, following the Indian Navy’s (IN) adoption of a new ensign in September 2022.

      - The collaboration is focused on meeting the current and future requirements of the Indian Defence Forces (IDFs), Paramilitary Forces (PMFs), Police Organizations, Government Agencies at both Central and State levels, the Civil Sectors, and Global Export Markets.

Main Point :-   (i) A crucial aspect of this partnership is the enhancement of both companies' manufacturing infrastructure to produce critical components and sub-assemblies for advanced defence and aerospace systems.

      (ii) The collaboration includes services for the modernization and upgrade of existing systems, ensuring they align with evolving technological requirements and remain state-of-the-art.

(iii) Through this partnership, GRSE reinforces its commitment to strengthening indigenous capabilities and advancing the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.

Main Point :-   (i) Soumitra Chatterjee was born in 1935 in Kolkata, West Bengal, and passed away in 2020. He starred in 14 of Satyajit Ray's films, including iconic works such as Apur Sansar (The World of Apu), Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress), Joy Baba Felunath (The Elephant God), Devi (The Goddess), Charulata (The Lonely Wife), and Ghare Baire (The Home and the World).

      (ii) Soumitra’s legendary characters, such as Apu and Feluda, have become household names among Bengalis and cinema enthusiasts worldwide.

(iii) He was the first Indian film personality to receive France’s highest artistic honor, Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1999). His accolades include the Padma Bhushan (2004), two National Film Awards (2007 and 2017), and the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2012), India's highest honor in cinema.

      - Vishvajit Sahay, Additional Secretary of the Union Science and Technology Department, along with other dignitaries, were present at the inauguration event.

Main Point :-   (i) The observatory is equipped with two telescopes, including a 14-inch diameter telescope, and a 1-meter diameter telescope is set to be installed soon. Its seeing value of 1.3 arc seconds meets the standards of the other five astronomical centers across the country.

      (ii) Located 600 meters above sea level in a pollution-free area, the observatory's best observation period is from November to April. An automatic weather forecasting center has also been established on the hilltop to measure rainfall, temperature, and wind speed.

(iii) SNBCBS has partnered with Sidhu Kanu Birsa University in WB for the observatory's operations and resource sharing.

Main Point :-   (i) As part of this partnership, the two companies will collaborate to acquire assets, source raw materials both domestically and internationally, and enhance mining, extraction, and refining capabilities.

      (ii) In the Union Budget 2024-25, the Government of India (GoI) introduced the Critical Mineral Mission to strengthen domestic production, promote recycling, and facilitate asset acquisition.

(iii) India, among the few countries producing rare earth elements, depends on IREL for self-sufficiency in mining, processing, and refining, as China continues to be the leading player in the critical minerals sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The RBI had found that Arohan Financial Services, along with other NBFCs, was charging excessive interest rates and failing to follow guidelines for assessing household income and considering repayment capabilities for microfinance loans.

      (ii) While the restrictions on Arohan have been removed, the restrictions on Asirvad Micro Finance Limited (AMFL), a subsidiary of Manappuram Finance Limited, and DMI Finance Private Limited (DFPL) remain in effect.

Main Point :-   (i) The Santosh Trophy is a National Football Championship organized by the All India Football Federation. A total of 31 teams participated in the 2024 edition, competing in the Group stage.

      (ii) The 2023 Santosh Trophy was won by Meghalaya, who defeated Karnataka in the final to claim the title.

Main Point :-   (i) Stellaria bengalensis is an annual herb that grows to a height of 8 to 10.5 centimeters. It is distinguished by its white flowers, the absence of bracts, shorter petals that are enclosed within the sepal, and sharp, pointed seeds. The plant blooms between May and September.

      (ii) India hosts approximately 22 species of Stellaria, primarily located in the Himalayan region. The population of Stellaria bengalensis has been classified as 'data deficient' according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria.

Main Point :-   (i) Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee, an Indian-American economist, was awarded the 'Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences' in 2019, along with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, for their pioneering experimental approach to poverty alleviation and economic development.

      (ii) उनके द्वारा लिखी गई अन्य पुस्तकें: Cooking to Save Your Life (2021); What the Economy Needs Now (2019); Poverty and Income Distribution in India (2019) आदि।

      - The cafe will offer a carefully selected menu at affordable prices, allowing passengers to enjoy quality food at reasonable rates and improving their travel experience.

Main Point :-   (i) The event was attended by Union Minister of State (MOS) Murlidhar Kisan Mohol, Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), along with Vumlunmang Vualnam, Secretary of MoCA, and Vipin Kumar, Chairman of Airports Authority of India (AAI). Other senior officials from the Department of Post (DoP), MoCA, and AAI were also present to mark the occasion.

      (ii) The Union Minister launched a coffee table book that highlights India's cultural heritage through the modern airport designs of AAI. He also opened a photo exhibition showing rare images of the journey of NSCBI Airport.

(iii) During the event, employees of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and key airport stakeholders, including airlines and the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), were honored for their outstanding contributions to the growth and development of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International (NSCBI) Airport.

      - Five district hospitals in West Bengal already have NCD clinics treating children with Type 1 diabetes, and the government has approved 10 more district hospitals to start similar clinics, with plans to expand the service across the state.

Main Point :-   (i) UNICEF is working with WB's Department of Health and Family Welfare (DHFW), Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER), and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (SSKM) Hospital in Kolkata to establish a Primary Health Care (PHC) model for preventing and managing NCDs in children by improving community healthcare and primary health services.

      (ii) UNICEF has also partnered with the West Bengal Academy of Paediatrics to assist the health department and district health authorities in providing treatment across all districts in WB.

(iii) As per the data from the Young Diabetic Registry of India (YDR), juvenile diabetes affects five out of every 100,000 children in India.

      - As an economic historian, he played a key role in preserving banking and finance records. He worked as the official historian of the State Bank of India from 1976 to 1978.

Main Point :-   (i) After leaving the Centre for Social Sciences, he became the founder director of Institute of Development Studies Kolkata (IDSK) in 2002.

      (ii) Bagchi was also the president of Friends of Latin America (FOLA), where he played an important role in strengthening India's relations with Latin American countries.

(iii) His first major work, inspired by his PhD, was Private Investment in India: 1900-1939 (1972). Over the years, he authored several other notable works, including The Political Economy of Underdevelopment, Perilous Passage: Mankind and the Global Ascending of Capital, Capital and Labor Redefined: India and the Third World, Colonialism and Indian Economy, Money and Credit in Indian History, and The Evolution of the State Bank of India: The Roots, 1806-1876.

      - The SSB, a Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), established in 1963 and headquartered in New Delhi, safeguards 2,450 km borders with Nepal and Bhutan, curbs smuggling, secures borders, and plays a key role in making Bihar and Jharkhand Naxal-free, with the motto "Service, Security, and Brotherhood."

Main Point :-   (i) The event commenced with a grand parade, highlighting the discipline and dedication of the SSB personnel.

      (ii) The event featured displays of Mallakhamb, a traditional Indian acrobatic art, along with martial arts, sports demonstrations, and physical exercises. These performances showcased the fitness, training, and versatility of the SSB.

(iii) The SSB has achieved significant recognition, earning 4 Padma Shri awards, 1 Kirti Chakra, 6 Shaurya Chakra, 2 President's Gallantry Medals, 25 Police Gallantry Medals (PMG), and 35 Gallantry Medals (GM). Additionally, its personnel have showcased excellence in sports, winning 72 medals in national and international events.

Main Point :-   (i) Kolkata Airport celebrated its 100th anniversary on December 21, 2024, and a three-month-long celebration has been planned.

      (ii) A special UDAN Yatri Café will be opened at the airport for passengers traveling under the Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) scheme. The café will offer quality, affordable meals to improve the travel experience.

(iii) The civil aviation sector in India is growing quickly and has become the third-largest domestic aviation hub in the world.

      - Families in specific areas of Jangalmahal and the Darjeeling hills will receive Rs. 1.30 lakh."

Main Point :-   (i) The beneficiaries will receive the money in two phases. Over 28 lakh eligible beneficiaries have been identified through a state-conducted survey for the scheme. The Chief Minister (CM) handed over funds to 42 beneficiaries from 21 districts. More than 12 lakh beneficiaries in the state are eligible for the first installment.

      (ii) An additional 16 lakh beneficiaries will receive housing allowances before the 2026 Assembly elections in West Bengal."

(iii) Mamata Banerjee also announced the construction of a 5-kilometer-long bridge, "Gangasagar Sethu," to connect the mainland to Sagar Island. The project is estimated to cost Rs. 1,500 crore and will be fully funded by the state government, as the Centre has not responded to previous requests.

      - The report calls for tailored, region-specific adaptation strategies.

Main Point :-   (i) Emphasis on collective efforts and innovative frameworks to address climate challenges.

      - Kerala, Rajasthan, and Goa boost tourism and foreign exchange earnings. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh lead in infrastructure development. Rajasthan and Gujarat focus on renewable energy. Northeastern states improve connectivity, enhancing trade and tourism.

Main Point :-   (i) 25 states recorded over 7% GSDP growth in FY22 and FY23.

      (ii) 17 states achieved over 9% growth, including Gujarat and Kerala.

(iii) PHDCCI proposes a nine-pronged strategy for sustained growth.

Main Point :-   (i) Implementation will occur in Assam, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.

      (ii) Low-cost maker spaces will nurture curiosity, creativity, and innovation.

      - Pragnanandhaa Rameshbabu and Wesley So (USA) scored 5.5 points each, securing 2nd and 3rd place according to tie-breaks.

Main Points:-   (i) In the women's category, GM Nana Dzagnidze (Georgia) secured 2nd place with 5.5 points while the Indian grandmaster Vantika Agrawal remained in 3rd with a total of 5 points.

      (ii) In the women's section, Valentina Gunina (Russia) finished second with 11 points. Aleksandra Goryachkina (Russia) and India's Vantika Agrawal secured 3rd place with 9.5 points each.

(iii) Magnus Carlsen has won the world title in 2013 and has successfully defended it four times (2014, 2016, 2018, and 2021). He also claimed the 2024 Champions Chess Tour Chessable Masters title in February 2024. As of November 2024, he is on the top of the FIDE (International Chess Federation) ratings.