- In a parallel move to strengthen India’s higher education ecosystem, the Cabinet has approved the expansion of academic and infrastructure facilities at five newly established Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). These institutions are located in Andhra Pradesh (IIT Tirupati), Kerala (IIT Palakkad), Chhattisgarh (IIT Bhilai), Jammu & Kashmir (IIT Jammu), and Karnataka (IIT Dharwad), and will now be equipped to accommodate greater student intake and advanced research initiatives.

Main Point :-   (i) Additionally, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by the Prime Minister, has approved a revised version of the SHAKTI policy — an initiative aimed at improving the coal allocation process for the power sector.

      (ii) The updated policy focuses on providing both short-term and long-term coal linkages with increased transparency and operational flexibility.

(iii) The SHAKTI scheme, first introduced in 2017, was designed to offer a more structured and fair system for coal distribution through auction-based or tariff-based bidding mechanisms. With the revised guidelines now in place, the government aims to ensure a steady coal supply to power producers, supporting energy stability and sectoral efficiency.

Main Point :-   (i) The rollout of these e-passports began on a pilot basis on April 1, 2024, under the Passport Seva Programme – Version 2.0 (PSP-V2.0). This phased implementation allowed authorities to test and optimize the system before full-scale deployment.

      (ii) Each e-passport comes with a secure chip that stores the encrypted biometric and personal data of the individual, making it significantly more difficult for fraudsters to duplicate or forge the document.

(iii) In addition to the introduction of e-passports, the GoI has also updated various passport regulations in 2025, focusing on improving security, privacy, and ensuring greater inclusivity in the passport issuance process.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister Piyush Goyal addressed the Columbia India Energy Dialogue, emphasizing the global urgency of climate change and stressing the need for universal commitment based on the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle. He also highlighted India’s leadership in clean energy, achieving its 2030 renewable energy target of 200 GW in 2022, 8 years ahead of schedule, with solar capacity growing over 30 times in a decade.

      (ii) India's energy infrastructure has been significantly strengthened, with the establishment of a 500 GW interconnected national grid under the 2014 initiative, ensuring 24/7 affordable energy access across regions. This grid facilitates high levels of clean energy integration and supports India’s transition to greener energy solutions, boosting sustainability, economic growth, and energy security at national and regional levels.

(iii) Minister Goyal also urged Columbia University to collaborate with India’s Institutes of Eminence, proposing the establishment of a campus in India. This collaboration would enhance bilateral research, innovation, and education in clean energy technologies and sustainability. The minister’s call reflects India’s growing role as a global leader in clean energy and its efforts to foster international partnerships for climate action.

Main Point :-   (i) The PTCs offer a fixed annual coupon of 7.26% and have an expected maturity of around 20 years, making them suitable for long-term investment portfolios.

      (ii) These securities have been rated AAA(SO) by prominent rating agencies—CRISIL and CARE Ratings—signifying the highest safety regarding the timely repayment of financial obligations under the Structured Obligation (SO) category.

(iii) Issued in dematerialized form, the PTCs are fully transferable and can be traded in the secondary market, thereby ensuring liquidity and ease of exit for investors.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Modi highlighted the significance of the Chandrayaan missions in lunar exploration. Chandrayaan-1 (2008) was pivotal in discovering water on the Moon, Chandrayaan-2 (2019) provided high-resolution images, and Chandrayaan-3 (2023) made India the first country to land near the Moon's south pole.

      (ii) In 2014, India's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) (Mangalyaan) made India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit, and the first in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

(iii) India plans to establish its own space station, the Bharatiya Antariksha Station, by 2035.

      - India ranks as the 2nd largest producer of aluminium globally, is among the top 10 producers of refined copper, and holds the 4th position in global iron ore production—highlighting its strong presence in the international mining and metals sector.

Main Point :-   (i) India’s mining sector witnessed record production in FY25, as per provisional data by the Ministry of Mines. Iron ore output rose by 4.3% to 289 MMT, surpassing 277 MMT in FY24. Manganese ore production grew by 11.8% to 3.8 MMT. Bauxite production increased by 2.9% to 24.7 MMT, while lead concentrate rose 3.1% to 393 THT.

      (ii) In the non-ferrous metals segment, India saw strong year-on-year growth in FY25. Primary aluminium production increased from 41.6 lakh tonnes in FY24 to 42 LT. Refined copper production grew by 12.6%, reaching 5.73 LT from 5.09 LT. Non-ferrous metals, which lack significant iron content, continue to play a vital role in supporting India’s industrial and manufacturing sectors.

(iii) These record production levels reflect high economic activity in core user sectors such as infrastructure, energy, construction, and automotive. India holds a key global position: it is the 2nd largest aluminium producer, ranks among the top 10 in refined copper production, and is the 4th largest iron ore producer, highlighting its strategic role in the global mining and metals landscape.

      - Greenfield airports are aviation facilities built from scratch on previously undeveloped or vacant land.

Main Point :-   (i) In a significant move to boost air connectivity, the proposed airport in Kota (Rajasthan) will be developed in two phases, with a total investment of ₹1,507 crore. Kota, a key educational and industrial hub, will benefit from this development, catering to the growing population and economic activity in the Hadoti region. This project is a major milestone in enhancing infrastructure and making air travel more accessible.

      (ii) The airport project in Kota is expected to be a game-changer for the region, aligning with the government's focus on improving regional connectivity. It will serve as a vital transportation link for the people of the Hadoti region and help foster economic growth. The development reflects the government's commitment to providing air travel access to even the most remote parts of the country.

(iii) In addition, the proposed airport in Puri (Odisha), a prominent pilgrimage destination, will be developed in three phases across 1,164 acres, with a total investment of ₹5,631 crore. Puri, home to the sacred Lord Jagannath Temple, will see a significant boost in religious tourism and regional development. The new airport will improve overall connectivity and cater to the growing number of pilgrims and tourists visiting the region.

Main Point :-   (i) The EC approved the project ‘Conserving and Sustainably Managing Nathmalpur Bhagad (Wetland)’ located in Bhojpur district, Bihar, with an estimated cost of Rs 3.51 crore.

      (ii) This marks the 5th wetland project taken up under the Namami Gange Programme (NGP).

(iii) An additional approval was granted for a total funding of Rs 34.50 lakh for the project ‘Capacity Building Initiatives for Making Water-Sensitive Cities in the Ganga Basin’ to strengthen urban water governance and climate resilience.

Main Point :-   (i) Under the MoU, Rhenus will progressively introduce 100 barges, beginning with 20 barges and 6 pushers in the first phase. The operations are expected to handle over 1 million tonnes of cargo annually by the end of 2025.

      (ii) The MoU will also promote scheduled barge services and introduce innovative Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) solutions, with an eye toward long-term scalability and operational efficiency across India’s National Waterways.

      - To facilitate the successful nationwide implementation of the scheme, the Government of India has allocated ₹272 crore for the Financial Year 2025–26 (FY26), enabling hospitals and trauma centers to deliver prompt and effective care to victims.

Main Point :-   (i) The Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims Scheme, 2025 will be implemented by the National Health Authority (NHA) in collaboration with police departments, hospitals, and State Health Agencies. Each state's Road Safety Council will serve as the nodal agency, overseeing hospital onboarding, treatment coordination, and claim settlements to ensure seamless execution of the scheme.

      (ii) The main objective of the scheme is to provide life-saving treatment during the golden hour — the critical first hour after a road accident — to reduce fatalities and serious injuries. It covers up to seven days of treatment from the date of the accident, and treatment is accessible at designated government and private hospitals across India. If victims are taken to non-designated hospitals, only stabilisation treatment is permitted under the scheme.

(iii) The scheme is universal in nature, ensuring cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh per accident per person, regardless of income, social category, or citizenship. This initiative promotes equitable healthcare access, especially in emergency situations, and underscores the government’s efforts to prioritise road safety and emergency response nationwide.

Main Point :-   (i) At WAVES 2025, the MoI&B organised the Global Media Dialogue (GMD) for the first time, with support from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and ministerial participation from over 50 countries. During the GMD, 77 countries adopted the 13-point 'WAVES Declaration', focusing on promoting the responsible use of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI).

      (ii) During WAVES 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, MoI&B, announced the launch of the Indian Institute of Creative Technology (IICT), a National Centre of Excellence (COE) backed by Jio Star, based in Mumbai.

(iii) WAVES 2025 concluded with remarkable success, recording business transactions totaling Rs. 1,328 crore across various sectors.

Main Point :-   (i) During the meeting, PM Narendra Modi announced USD 200 million as Line of Credit (LOC) for the modernisation of Angola's armed forces.

      (ii) During the state visit of Angolan President João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço to India, India and Angola signed three Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) to strengthen bilateral cooperation across various sectors.

(iii) Republic of Angola joined the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Framework Agreement and became the 123rd member of the ISA.

      - India is the 2nd largest Aluminium producers, among top-10 producer in refined copper and 4th largest iron ore producer in the world.

Main Point :-   (i) According to the provisional data released for FY25, India’s mining sector recorded significant growth across key minerals. Iron ore production reached 289 million metric tons (MMT), up from 277 MMT in FY24, marking a 4.3% increase. Manganese ore output also surged by 11.8%, touching a new high of 3.8 MMT, compared to 3.4 MMT the previous year. Bauxite production saw a modest 2.9% rise, increasing from 24 MMT to 24.7 MMT. Additionally, lead concentrate production grew by 3.1%, reaching 393 thousand tonnes (THT) from 381 THT in FY24.

      (ii) In the non-ferrous metal sector, which includes metals and alloys with minimal iron content, India also registered encouraging growth. Primary aluminium production increased from 41.6 lakh tonnes (LT) in FY24 to 42 LT in FY25, reflecting steady performance in this segment. These metals are essential for sectors like energy, transport, and infrastructure.

(iii) One of the most notable improvements came from refined copper production, which recorded a 12.6% Year-on-Year growth. The output rose from 5.09 LT in FY24 to 5.73 LT in FY25, indicating rising industrial demand and improved refining capacities in the country.

Main Point :-   (i) The Data Centre Park will cover 13.5 acres (approximately 5.5 hectares), with 2.7 hectares designated as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) exclusively for AI-based services.

      (ii) The first phase will begin with a capacity of 5 MegaWatts (MW), with future plans to scale up to 150 MW. An additional investment of around Rs 2,000 crore is projected as the project progresses.

(iii) The facility will feature Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based high-performance computing infrastructure, live data streaming, AI processing, and data analytics services. It is intended to offer advanced solutions in areas such as AI, Health Tech, Defence, FinTech, and data analytics.

      - He met Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi and held high-level delegation talks at Hyderabad House in New Delhi.

Main Point :-   (i) During the meeting, PM Narendra Modi announced USD 200 million as Line of Credit (LOC) for the modernisation of Angola's armed forces.

      (ii) During the state visit of Angolan President João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço to India, India and Angola signed three Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) to strengthen bilateral cooperation across various sectors.

(iii) Republic of Angola joined the International Solar Alliance (ISA) Framework Agreement and became the 123rd member of the ISA.

      - This advanced infrastructure will support the collection of critical data to support early warning systems and marine research.

Main Point :-   (i) The submarine cable will feature two science nodes, equipped with oceanographic and geophysical sensors, installed at water depths between 2,000 and 2,500 metres.

      (ii) These nodes will enable real-time data collection on undersea conditions, contributing significantly to both climate research and disaster preparedness.

Main Point :-   (i) The move marks a significant step in promoting advanced education and research at the heart of India's premier financial hub, GIFT City.

      (ii) Separately, Monarch Networth Capital IFSC Private Limited has received the Certificate of Registration (CoR) to operate as a Registered Fund Management Entity (FME) (Retail) from the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA), Gandhinagar.

      - YuvaAI aims to equip school students with AI knowledge through the 'Intel AI for Youth' program. Additionally, higher education students will be trained for employability through the 'Intel AI for Future Workforce' initiative, providing them with skills to thrive in the AI-driven job market.

Main Point :-   (i) StartupAI will offer technical, business, and market access mentorship to early-stage companies. Workshops hosted by the 'Intel Startup' Program will provide valuable resources to these startups, helping them scale and gain traction in the AI industry.

      (ii) The IndiaAI Dialogues and 'Intel Digital Readiness for Leaders Programme' will offer workshops and immersive sessions to enhance AI policy understanding among public sector leaders. These sessions will enable better governance and strategic decision-making with AI at the forefront.

(iii) Lastly, Bhashini, the government’s language translation platform, will be integrated into AI-powered Personal Computers (PCs) in classrooms. This integration will enhance learning outcomes, providing students with better access to language tools and educational content.

Main Point :-   (i) STRIDE-EUI will serve as a catalyst for shaping resilient, future-focused EU-India relations through thematic convenings, expert whitepapers, and collaborative programs.

      (ii) The launch event brought together prominent figures from industry, civil society, international community, and academia, focusing on enhancing EU-India cooperation in key sectors such as technology, trade, and security.

(iii) With its formal launch complete, STRIDE-EUI will initiate a calendar of dialogues, roundtables, and policy publications, fostering strategic collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society to address shared global challenges like digital governance, supply chain resilience, and ethical tech innovation.

Main Point :-   (i) During the launch event, the Union Minister honored the scientists who played key roles in the development of these genome-edited rice varieties.

      (ii) ICAR began its genome-editing research in 2018 to enhance two major rice varieties — Samba Mahsuri (BPT5204) and Maruteru 1010 (MTU 1010) — under the National Agricultural Science Fund (NASF).

      - The corridor will connect Palpur Kuno National Park (NP) and Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary in MP to the Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, providing a continuous habitat for cheetah movement.

Main Point :-   (i) The wildlife corridor will enable cheetahs to move from Kuno NP in MP, through the Mukundara Hills Reserve in Rajasthan, and to Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary.

      (ii) An action plan, released by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), designates the Kuno-Gandhi Sagar landscape as an ideal habitat for cheetahs.

(iii) This corridor is expected to play a critical role in ensuring the long-term survival of the cheetah species in India, contributing significantly to the country's biodiversity.

Main Point :-   (i) On May 2, 2025, PM Narendra Modi dedicated the Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport to the nation. This landmark project, located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, is worth Rs. 8,867 crore. Full-fledged operations at the port are expected to commence by the year 2028–29.

      (ii) Also on May 2, 2025, the PM inaugurated and laid the foundation for multiple development projects in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, with a total value exceeding Rs. 58,000 crore.

(iii) As part of this, he laid the foundation stone for 74 projects worth Rs. 49,000 crore, signifying a major boost to the state's infrastructure and growth initiatives.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister of State Pankaj Chaudhary also unveiled the Enforcement Directorate's Annual Report for the Financial Year 2024–25 (FY25), which outlines a marked rise in the agency’s efforts to counter financial crimes across the country.

      (ii) During the event, 23 officers and zonal units were recognized for their exceptional service: Abhishek Goyal, former Special Director of ED, was awarded the President's Medal for Meritorious Service. Officials from various regions were honoured for their excellence in intelligence gathering, investigations, and field operations.

      - Despite this improvement, only 19% of MSME credit demand was met formally by Financial Year 2020–21 (FY21), leaving an estimated Rs. 80 lakh crore unmet.

Main Point :-   (i) On May 2, 2025, the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) and the Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Global Alliance for Mass Entrepreneurship (GAME) announced a strategic collaboration to foster entrepreneurship ecosystems across India.

      (ii) The initiative will start with pilot projects in Nagpur (Maharashtra), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and Uttar Pradesh, focusing on place-based interventions to strengthen local entrepreneurship and support the growth of grassroots business ecosystems.

(iii) The projects will focus on place-based interventions aimed at empowering local entrepreneurs through ecosystem development.

      - This proactive renewal ensures uninterrupted dialogue and cooperation, supporting a smooth extension of joint efforts in energy development.

Main Point :-   (i) The updated MoU expands focus areas to include advanced power systems, integration of variable renewable energy (VRE), cross-border electricity trade, and Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure development.

      (ii) It also promotes increased knowledge sharing, including expert exchanges, joint training programs, and study tours, while aligning with India’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

      - This centre is aimed at connecting eligible youth (aged 21–24) with internship opportunities, offering application guidance and support.

Main Point :-   (i) The facility will house multiple offices under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), bringing together key regulatory bodies to improve coordination and efficiency. These include the Regional Directorate (East), Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidator, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) – Kolkata Bench, and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).

      (ii) The Corporate Bhavan will serve as a true single-window interface for stakeholders such as companies, insolvency professionals, auditors, startups, and investors, enabling quicker access to corporate regulatory services.

(iii) The seven-storey building has a built-up area of approximately 13,239 sq. metres and was completed at a total project cost of Rs. 150.43 crores.

      - The statue of Bodofa (meaning father or guardian of the Bodos) stands as a symbol of self-respect for the tribal society across India.

Main Point :-   (i) Bodofa Upendranath Brahma, a native of Assam, was a visionary leader and social reformer who dedicated his life to advancing the rights, identity, and empowerment of tribal communities, especially the Bodo community. His work was rooted in ensuring dignity and recognition for marginalized groups.

      (ii) He strongly believed in building an inclusive society where every individual, regardless of background, could live with dignity and secure their rightful place. Through his inspiring leadership, he brought attention to the social and cultural needs of the tribal population.

(iii) As a firm believer in non-violence, Brahma advocated peaceful activism and unity among tribal communities. His famous principle, "Live and Let Live," has become a unifying and enduring philosophy embraced across Bodoland and tribal societies throughout India.

      - One of the major highlights of the event was the launch of the Senior Citizens Welfare Portal—a comprehensive digital platform designed to provide the elderly with seamless access to government schemes, healthcare services, welfare benefits, and updates on relevant activities.

Main Point :-   (i) President Droupadi Murmu also virtually inaugurated five new Senior Citizens Homes, located in Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh), Wokha (Nagaland), Vellore (Tamil Nadu), Anakapalli (Andhra Pradesh), and Nainital (Uttarakhand). These facilities are backed by the MoSJE under the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act, ensuring a safe and dignified environment for the indigent elderly.

      (ii) As part of the event, the President also distributed Aids and Assistive Devices under the Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY). This Central Sector Scheme is targeted at BPL (Below Poverty Line) senior citizens, offering mobility aids through ALIMCO (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India), a PSU under MoSJE.

(iii) A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was also signed between the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment (DoSJE) and the Brahmakumaris organization. This agreement reinforces a shared vision for inter-generational bonding, inclusive development, and the overall well-being of the elderly population in India.

      - Among union territories (UTs), the Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) Islands have the longest coastline, whereas Puducherry has the shortest.

Main Point :-   (i) In April 2025, India’s coastline length was officially revised to 11,098.81 km, up by 3,582.21 km from the earlier figure of 7,516.60 km used since the 1970s. This revision was led by the National Hydrographic Organisation (NHO) and Survey of India (SoI) using modern scientific methods.

      (ii) The older data was based on outdated methods with a smaller scale (1:4,500,000), while the updated data used a more accurate 1:250,000 scale and GIS technology. The new figure also includes 1,298 offshore islands/islets, which were earlier missed.

(iii) The revised length was accepted in January 2024 during a meeting at the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS), New Delhi, with all coastal States/UTs. Gujarat now has the longest coastline among states, while Goa has the shortest; among UTs, Andaman & Nicobar Islands lead, and Puducherry is the shortest.

Main Point :-   (i) The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the FRP of sugarcane for the sugar season 2025-26 (October to September) at Rs 355 per quintal for a basic recovery rate of 10.25%. This FRP will be effective from 1st October 2025 and will be applicable to all sugar mills purchasing sugarcane from farmers.

      (ii) The CCEA, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, also approved a major infrastructure project for the development, maintenance, and management of a Greenfield High-Speed Corridor along National Highway 06 (NH-06).

(iii) The expressway will stretch 166.80 kilometres, connecting Mawlyngkhung (near Shillong), Meghalaya to Panchgram (near Silchar), Assam. It will be a four-lane, access-controlled expressway, with 144.80 km in Meghalaya and 22 km in Assam, developed under the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) at an estimated cost of Rs 22,864 crore.

      - It targets an investment of Rs 6,600 crore by 2030, aiming to create 40,000 jobs in the shipbuilding, repair, and recycling ecosystem.

Main Point :-   (i) The policy offers attractive financial incentives to boost investment in the maritime sector. It includes a capital subsidy of 15% of the project cost, support of up to Rs 1 crore per project for skill development, and funding of up to Rs 25 crore for research and development (R&D) activities. These measures are designed to promote innovation, workforce training, and technological advancement in shipbuilding and allied industries.

      (ii) To facilitate infrastructure development, the policy ensures concessional land allotment to eligible maritime projects on long-term leases of 30 years, with an option for renewal.

(iii) This provision aims to make land acquisition more accessible and affordable for industry players, thereby accelerating the establishment of shipyards, repair docks, and recycling facilities in Maharashtra.

      - The primary objective of the HLC is to strengthen India's resilience against natural and man-made disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and industrial accidents. It seeks to ensure a coordinated national disaster management strategy.

Main Point :-   (i) Key responsibilities of the committee include guiding national disaster management policies, coordinating efforts among various ministries and agencies, overseeing long-term risk reduction strategies, and monitoring the preparedness levels of States and Union Territories.

      (ii) By incorporating representatives from finance, agriculture, and planning sectors, the committee adopts a multi-sectoral approach to ensure efficient resource utilization, cohesive policy implementation, and effective execution of disaster risk plans.

(iii) This initiative underscores the government's commitment to bolstering disaster management frameworks and ensuring the safety and well-being of its citizens through proactive and coordinated efforts.

Main Point :-   (i) The garden hosts 40 species of medicinal trees, such as Neem, Red Sandalwood, Tulsi, and Tropical Almond, chosen for their spiritual and healing properties.

      (ii) Designed to emit Pranahuti (yogic transmission), it includes acupressure pathways, percolation pits, and sloped landscapes to enhance rainwater harvesting and promote ecological sustainability.

      - Haemophilia is a genetic blood disorder where blood does not clot normally, leading to abnormal bleeding.

Main Point :-   (i) In this trial, patients with severe haemophilia A received autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) that were genetically modified using lentiviral vectors to express the Factor VIII gene.

      (ii) These modified cells were transplanted back into the patients, enabling their bodies to naturally produce the necessary clotting factor.

(iii) India’s Biotechnology sector experienced remarkable growth, expanding 16-fold to reach USD 165.7 billion in 2024, with a target to reach USD 300 billion by 2030.

Main Point :-   (i) States are evaluated across seven core pillars: Economic, Fiscal, Infrastructure, Financial Development, Social, Governance, and Environment. These pillars together encompass a total of 50 performance indicators, offering a comprehensive measure of a state's progress and investment potential.

      (ii) Western and Southern states dominated the top five rankings. Western states stood out for their strong performance in economic and fiscal areas, while southern states excelled in governance, environmental sustainability, and social development indicators.

(iii) In the North-East, Hilly & Small States (Group B) category, Goa topped the rankings.

      - Green Municipal Bonds are fixed-income instruments issued by local governments to fund environmentally sustainable projects, such as water conservation, waste management, and pollution control, promoting urban development while supporting environmental goals.

Main Point :-   (i) The ₹150 crore Green Municipal Bond, backed by both the Government of India (GoI) and the Government of Uttar Pradesh, was issued by Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U). The Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant (TSTP) project follows the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM), with 40% funding from the municipality and 60% from private partners, reinforcing fiscal responsibility through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach.

      (ii) The TSTP, inaugurated by UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath in January 2022, aims to reduce groundwater extraction by supplying treated wastewater for industrial use, aiding in water conservation. The plant employs advanced membrane-based filtration technologies like microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis (RO). A robust 95 km pipeline network facilitates the delivery of treated water to 1,400+ industrial units, helping them shift from freshwater to recycled water sources.

(iii) With a treatment capacity of 40 MLD (Million Litres per Day), the plant has signed contracts to supply 9.5 MLD to over 800 industries. The total project cost is around ₹320 crore, of which ₹150 crore was successfully raised through India’s first certified Green Municipal Bond. In recognition of its sustainable water reuse model, Ghaziabad received the Best Municipal Treated Water Reuse Award at the 19th Water Digest World Water Awards 2024–25.

Main Point :-   (i) During the conclave, several key initiatives were launched, including: The establishment of Superhubs at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (UP), focused on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Intelligent Systems, and at IIT Bombay, Mumbai (Maharashtra), specializing in Biosciences, Biotechnology, Health, and Medicine.

      (ii) The setting up of Wadhwani Innovation Network (WIN) Centers at leading research institutions to accelerate research commercialization.

(iii) The exchange of a Letter of Intent (LOI) between the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and the Wadhwani Foundation for co-funding and scaling up research aimed at creating tangible societal impact.

      - It integrates satellite data from Google Earth Engine, AI algorithms, and ground feedback into a unified platform.

Main Point :-   (i) The system can identify activities such as crop sowing, construction, and land-use changes.

      (ii) Upon detection, immediate alerts are sent to the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), who then directs beat guards for on-site verification.

(iii) The system was conceptualized and coded by Akshay Rathore, DFO of Guna, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee (Uttarakhand), and supported by Aseem Shrivastava, the Head of Forest Force (HoFF), Indian Forest Service (IFS), and S. Annigeri, Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (APCCF-IT) in MP.

      - BRCs are required to run on a for-profit model to ensure their long-term sustainability. Each BRC must also have easy access to livestock manure and plant biomass, which are crucial for the preparation of organic farming inputs.

Main Point :-   (i) The government will provide financial support of ₹1 lakh per BRC, in two equal instalments of ₹50,000 each. BRCs may also integrate with other schemes like the Formation and Promotion of 10,000 FPOs and the National Mission on Edible Oilseeds.

      (ii) BRCs are envisioned as cluster-level enterprises for providing bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and organic formulations. These centres will act as knowledge hubs, offering training, demonstrations, and guidance on bio-input application, particularly for farmers unable to produce inputs themselves.

(iii) The National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), launched on 25th November 2024, is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with a budget outlay of ₹2,481 crore (GoI share: ₹1,584 crore; State share: ₹897 crore). Over the next two years, it aims to cover 15,000 clusters in Gram Panchayats, reach 1 crore farmers, and promote natural farming on 7.5 lakh hectares.

Main Point :-   (i) NSM was launched in 2015 by the Government of India (GoI) with the goal of strengthening India’s capabilities in the field of supercomputing and developing indigenous high-performance computing (HPC) systems.

      (ii) It is a joint initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and MeitY.

(iii) The mission is being implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune, and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru (Karnataka).

      - The National Manufacturing Mission (NMM) was announced in the Union Budget 2025–26 with the objective of strengthening the Make in India initiative and significantly enhancing India's manufacturing capabilities. This mission is a strategic move to position India as a global manufacturing hub.

Main Point :-   (i) The mission will focus on five key areas: improving the ease and cost of doing business, building a future-ready workforce equipped for emerging job demands, nurturing a vibrant MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) sector, ensuring the availability of advanced technology, and producing high-quality products. It will also comprehensively support the growth of large industries.

      (ii) NMM will provide policy support, create implementation roadmaps, and establish a governance and monitoring framework to guide and align efforts at both the central ministry and state levels. This structured approach is aimed at improving coordination, execution, and accountability across all stakeholders involved.

(iii) A strong emphasis will be placed on Clean Tech Manufacturing to boost Domestic Value Addition (DVA). The mission will help build ecosystems for critical technologies such as Solar PV (Photovoltaic) cells, EV batteries, motors and controllers, electrolyzers, wind turbines, high-voltage transmission equipment, and grid-scale batteries. It will also support design, component manufacturing, and machinery required for non-leather quality footwear production, along with continued support for leather footwear and related products.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh inaugurated and laid the foundation stone for fisheries projects worth Rs. 255.30 crore for 7 coastal States/UTs under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).

      (ii) He also launched the 5th Marine Fisheries Census (MFC 2025), released Guidelines on Turtle Excluder Device, and introduced the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Vessel Communication and Support System.

(iii) In addition, he distributed tablets enabled with the Digital Application Vyas-NAV (Village Jetty Appraisal NAVigator) and awarded the first-ever Aqua Insurance (One Time Incentive Sanction-cum-Release Order) to beneficiaries under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).

      - Swiggy will create a dedicated "Cooperative" category on its app, featuring a range of products including organic items, dairy, millets, handicrafts, and more—sourced from cooperative societies across India.

Main Point :-   (i) The collaboration will support cooperative brands in the areas of marketing, promotion, consumer technology, and capacity building.

      (ii) The MoU aligns with the United Nations’ declaration of 2025 as the ‘International Year of Cooperation’, further highlighting the global focus on strengthening cooperative systems.

(iii) On 24 April 2025, Dr. Ashish Kumar Bhutani also inaugurated a state-of-the-art packaging facility of the National Cooperative Organics Limited (NCOL) in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, which will specialize in hygienic packaging of pulses and various organic food products.

      - Established in 2018 under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) serves as the central agency for coordinating efforts to combat cybercrime across India.

Main Point :-   (i) Amid the rising cases of cyber fraud affecting the general public, this initiative will aid in identifying perpetrators behind trans-national cybercrimes.

      (ii) These cyber frauds are often executed through fake websites, misleading social media pages, and paid advertisements on search engines. Fraudsters trick victims by sending OTPs (One-Time Passwords) or malicious links via phone or email. Once the unsuspecting user clicks the link or shares the OTP, their devices become compromised.

(iii) The government has urged citizens to report cyber fraud through the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) at cybercrime.gov.in or by calling the cyber helpline 1930.

      - The park will feature various modern facilities including a 20 Mega Liters per Day (MLD) Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) plant, a solar-powered energy facility, and plug-and-play Built-To-Suit (BTS) units. These facilities will help establish the park as a sustainable and energy-efficient textile hub.

Main Point :-   (i) In addition to industrial facilities, residential complexes will be built for the workers, ensuring that the workforce has comprehensive infrastructure within the project’s vicinity. The construction is expected to be completed within 14 months.

      (ii) The PM MITRA Park Project is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), which was announced by Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the Union Budget for Financial Year 2021-22. The Government of India (GoI) has allocated Rs 4,445 crore for the implementation of the scheme over seven years (FY22-FY28).

(iii) As part of the PM MITRA initiative, the Government of India has announced the establishment of seven sites across the country for setting up textile parks. These locations include Tamil Nadu (Virudhnagar), Telangana (Warangal), Gujarat (Navsari), Karnataka (Kalaburagi), Madhya Pradesh (Dhar), Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow), and Maharashtra (Amravati).

      - The kits offer rapid, cost-effective, and point-of-care testing, overcoming challenges posed by traditional methods such as Pap smears and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA). These traditional methods are often inaccessible and time-consuming, but the new kits provide a faster and more affordable alternative, making cervical cancer screening more accessible, especially in rural areas.

Main Point :-   (i) These kits were validated through the "Validation of Indigenous Human Papillomavirus Tests for Cervical Cancer Screening in India" (I-HPV) study, conducted by renowned institutions including All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), and National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH). Additionally, international collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) ensured that the kits met global standards.

      (ii) According to the WHO, India is home to a significant portion of the global burden of cervical cancer, with 1 out of every 5 women suffering from cervical cancer being Indian. Furthermore, 25% of global cervical cancer deaths occur in India, highlighting the urgent need for more effective screening methods.

(iii) The WHO recommends that countries adopt HPV testing to screen 70% of eligible women by 2030, with only two lifetime tests required at the ages of 35 and 45 years. This initiative aims to reduce cervical cancer rates globally, with India playing a pivotal role in achieving this goal.

      - RCS-UDAN operates on a market-driven approach where airlines assess passenger demand on specific regional routes and submit proposals during the bidding rounds. Selected airlines receive financial support, such as Viability Gap Funding (VGF), making air travel affordable while ensuring the economic viability of the operations.

Main Point :-   (i) The UDAN scheme has successfully operationalized 625 routes, connecting 90 airports, including 15 heliports and 2 water aerodromes, enhancing regional air connectivity across India.

      (ii) Over 1.49 crore passengers have benefited from affordable regional air travel, with 3 lakh UDAN flights operated, improving accessibility and convenience for citizens.

(iii) The scheme has contributed to the growth of regional airlines like Flybig, Star Air, and IndiaOne, facilitating air connectivity to key destinations and boosting trade, healthcare, and tourism across India.

Main Point :-   (i) The IWAI, under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPS&W), has expanded the number of NWs from 5 to 111 under the National Waterways Act, 2016. ii. Simultaneously, the operational length of NWs has increased from 2,716 km (2014-15) to 4,894 km (2023-24).

      (ii) Various digital tools like the Least Available Depth Information System (LADIS), River Information System (RIS), Car-D, Portal for Navigational Information (PANI), and Management Information and Reporting Solution (MIRS) were launched by the IWAI to boost the Ease of Doing Business.

(iii) India aims to increase the Inland Water Transport (IWT) modal share from 2 percent to 5 percent, and raise traffic to 200+ MMT by 2030 and 500+ MMT by 2047 under the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision.

      - Similipal is divided into two divisions: the Similipal South Wildlife Division, which comprises seven ranges including Pithabata North, Nawana South, Jenabil, among others, and the Similipal North Wildlife Division, which includes four ranges such as Barrehipani, Chahala, Nawan North, and Talabandh wildlife ranges. The name ‘Similipal’ is derived from the ‘Simul’ (Silk Cotton) tree, which is abundantly found in the region.

Main Point :-   (i) Similipal hosts rich biodiversity, with more than 360 species of birds, 55 species of mammals including leopards and sambar, 62 species of reptiles, and 21 species of amphibians. It is notably home to around 40 wild tigers, including the world's only population of wild melanistic (black) tigers, and serves as a natural habitat for 25% of Odisha’s elephant population.

      (ii) The Similipal landscape spreads over 2,750 square kilometers, with approximately 2,306 square kilometers forming the Similipal Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS). This vast and ecologically significant area plays a crucial role in wildlife conservation and habitat protection within the state.

(iii) In 2007, the Odisha government notified 1,194.75 square kilometers of the Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) as the core critical tiger habitat. Furthermore, since 2009, Similipal has been recognized as part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), highlighting its global ecological significance.

Main Point :-   (i) On April 22, 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved a joint proposal from 360 ONE Private Equity Fund and Bharti Life Ventures Private Limited (BLVPL) to acquire certain stakes in Bharti Axa Life Insurance Company Limited (BALIC), a private, unlisted limited liability company offering life insurance policies in India. The transaction will be executed in two stages: first, 360 Fund, through its schemes or affiliates, will acquire equity shares of BALIC from BLVPL.

      (ii) Subsequently, both 360 ONE and BLVPL will subscribe to additional equity shares in BALIC. BLVPL is the parent company of BALIC, and both are part of the Bharti Group. 360 Fund, a Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), focuses on investing across various sectors globally.

(iii) The CCI approved KGBPL's Rs 2,000 crore acquisition of Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages' operations in North Gujarat and Diu. Supporting Coca-Cola’s strategy of franchising regional operations, the deal enables KGBPL—an authorized bottler in Rajasthan—to expand its distribution of non-alcoholic beverages into new markets.

      - The Government of India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), a crucial water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, with immediate effect. This suspension will remain in place until Pakistan credibly and irrevocably halts its support for cross-border terrorism.

Main Point :-   (i) The government has decided to close the integrated Attari-Wagah Border, the international border between India and Pakistan, located near Attari, Amritsar, Punjab (India), and Wagah (Pakistan), with immediate effect. As a result, all cross-border movement through this route has been halted indefinitely.

      (ii) The Government of India has announced the suspension of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) for Pakistani nationals. Additionally, any SVES visa previously issued to Pakistani nationals is now deemed cancelled, and any Pakistani national currently in India under this scheme has been given 48 hours to leave the country.

(iii) The Government of India has decided to expel all Pakistani military, Naval, and Air advisors stationed at the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi, declaring them 'Persona Non Grata' and giving them one week to leave India. In response, India will also withdraw its own military advisors from the Indian High Commission in Islamabad, Pakistan. Additionally, the Government of India has announced a reduction in diplomatic personnel at the Indian High Commission in Islamabad, decreasing the staff from 55 to 30 by May 1, 2025.

      - State-level and district-level activations will boost awareness and practical training. A WhatsApp-based learning program will help young individuals learn how to start and grow their own businesses.

Main Point :-   (i) A nationwide challenge that aims to discover high-potential business ideas from over 1,000 districts, with mentorship provided to the top emerging founders.

      (ii) BharatSparks a launchpad initiative where selected entrepreneurs from smaller towns will get the chance to pitch to investors, secure grants, and receive long-term support for their ventures.

(iii) A 7-part web documentary series showcasing real startup journeys from across India. It will feature innovators, investors, and policymakers, highlighting the grassroots startup ecosystem.

      - Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024: Replacing the colonial-era Aircraft Act of 1934, this progressive legislation was passed in 2024 and came into force on January 01, 2025. It marks a major leap in regulatory modernization and streamlining of India’s aviation governance structure.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India (GoI) has laid the foundation stones for new terminal buildings at strategically important locations including Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), Agra (Uttar Pradesh), Darbhanga (Bihar), and Bagdogra (West Bengal).

      (ii) Since 2014, out of 21 ‘in-principle’ approved projects, 12 Greenfield Airports have been operationalised, reinforcing regional connectivity and infrastructure expansion.

(iii) India witnessed a dramatic surge in domestic air travel, with 22 crore 81 lakh passengers in 2024, more than double the 10 crore 38 lakh passengers recorded over the 65-year period before 2014, highlighting the democratization of air travel across the country.

      - To create a widespread impact, the program will set up 30 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) in women's colleges across six Indian states. These CoEs will serve as central hubs and will provide mentorship, resources, and support to an additional 150 spoke institutions located in Tier-II and Tier-III towns, thus expanding the reach of AI education and innovation to semi-urban and rural areas.

Main Point :-   (i) The implementation of this transformative program will be led by the Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Edunet Foundation, a nonprofit organization. The foundation will collaborate closely with academic institutions, government agencies, corporates, and industry leaders to ensure a holistic ecosystem approach that promotes industry-relevant skills and economic empowerment for women in AI.

      (ii) This initiative also aims to reshape traditional learning by integrating AI training into credit-linked university curricula, in line with the National Education Policy (NEP). The program promotes a flexible, interdisciplinary, and future-ready education model, fostering an inclusive workforce equipped to thrive in the 21st-century digital economy.

(iii) With a strong emphasis on practical application and innovation, the program will provide access to AI certifications, internships, apprenticeships, fellowships, and career guidance. Special focus will be given to empowering women from rural areas, enabling them to innovate in the field of AI and significantly improve their economic and career prospects.

      - The mission aims to double cruise passenger traffic in India within 5 years (by 2029), boosting the nation’s cruise tourism sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India’s Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 aims to position India as a major global player in both ocean and river cruising. India’s cruise market is expected to grow 8-fold over the next decade, driven by rising demand and disposable income.

      (ii) The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), functioning under the MoPSW, is working to develop navigational channels on select waterways.

(iii) This includes installation of navigational aids and undertaking dredging operations (removal of sediments) to ensure smooth cruise navigation in NWs.

      - A core feature of the DBT system is the JAM Trinity—Jan Dhan bank accounts, Aadhaar IDs, and Mobile numbers—which ensures direct and secure fund transfers to beneficiaries. The assessment, based on data from 2009 to 2024, highlights DBT’s impact on enhancing budgetary efficiency, promoting subsidy rationalisation, and achieving better social welfare outcomes.

Main Point :-   (i) Key findings from the assessment reveal that during the Pre-DBT Era (2009-2013), subsidies accounted for 16% of total government expenditure, amounting to Rs. 2.1 lakh crore annually, but the system suffered from significant leakages.

      (ii) In contrast, the Post-DBT Era (2014-2024) saw a reduction in subsidy expenditure to 9% of total expenditure in 2023-24, with beneficiary coverage increasing dramatically by 16 times, from 11 crores to 176 crores. Additionally, there was a COVID-19 Outlier where a temporary spike in subsidies occurred during the 2020-21 fiscal year due to emergency fiscal measures.

Main Point :-   (i) The ceremony was attended by Union Minister of State (MoS) Shantanu Thakur (MoPSW), Sushil Kumar Singh (IRSME), Chairman of Mumbai Port Authority (MBPA), Adesh Titarmare, Deputy Chairman of MBPA, Unmesh Sharad Wagh, Chairman of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA), and Dhruv Kotak, Managing Director of J.M. Baxi, among other key dignitaries.

      (ii) MICT has been built at a total cost of ₹556 crore as part of the Cruise Bharat Mission. The terminal was created to promote cruise tourism across India and is aligned with global benchmarks for design and functionality.

(iii) The project was developed through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, with operational management of the terminal being handled by JM Baxi & Co. (Mumbai) and Ballard Pier Port Private Limited (Mumbai).

      - C-DOT developed and deployed industry-grade QKD systems, which have been approved by the Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) under the DoT.

Main Point :-   (i) The test validated the coexistence of quantum and classical communication on the same optical fibre, allowing for secure and cost-efficient data transmission.

      (ii) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a method of secure encryption key exchange based on quantum mechanics principles.

(iii) Multi-Core Fibre (MCF) is an advanced optical fibre featuring multiple cores (channels) within a single cladding, enabling concurrent data transmission through multiple paths.

      - Swiggy will regularly post verified gig and delivery job opportunities on the NCS portal and conduct hiring processes through it, with API-based integration ensuring real-time job postings and seamless application tracking for users.

Main Point :-   (i) The collaboration will focus on inclusive hiring, with a special emphasis on providing employment opportunities for youth, women, and individuals seeking flexible work.

      (ii) The partnership will also support structured onboarding, digital empowerment, and enhance awareness about worker welfare schemes.

(iii) As of January 31, 2025, the NCS portal has over 1.25 crore active job seekers and 40 lakh registered employers.

Main Point :-   (i) The train operates daily between Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) and Manmad Junction in Nashik district, Maharashtra, covering a journey of approximately 4 hours and 35 minutes.

      (ii) The initiative focuses on generating non-fare revenue while offering a practical service to passengers, particularly benefiting senior citizens, women, and those in need of emergency cash during travel.

Main Point :-   (i) The mission aims to boost farmers' income by ensuring fair pricing of agricultural produce, securing nutritional and food security, and offering sustainable livelihood opportunities.

      (ii) It emphasizes climate-resilient agriculture, encourages sustainable farming practices, and seeks to preserve biodiversity and traditional agricultural knowledge.

(iii) Madhya Pradesh's agricultural productivity rose significantly from 1,195 kg/hectare in 2002-03 to 2,393 kg/hectare in 2024, marking a 200% increase.

      - Electronics exports have surged 6 times to over Rs 3.25 lakh crore in the same period, and the sector now employs over 25 lakh people, with expectations of exponential growth in the coming years.

Main Point :-   (i) The newly inaugurated Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Line at VVDN Technologies supports Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) of up to 850 mm × 560 mm in size and boasts an industry-leading speed of 2,50,000 components per hour (CPH). This high-speed capability significantly enhances the efficiency and scale of electronic product manufacturing.

      (ii) This state-of-the-art infrastructure will enable VVDN to produce large and complex products such as AI servers, networking equipment, and motherboards. The move is set to play a crucial role in reducing India’s dependence on imports while strengthening the nation’s supply chain resilience in the electronics sector.

(iii) In addition, the newly opened Mechanical Innovation Park, spanning 1,50,000 sq.ft, is equipped with mold and tool-making setups, wire-cut machines, and advanced injection molding systems. The facility establishes a fully integrated design-to-manufacturing ecosystem, and is expected to generate over 3,000 new skilled jobs, further aligning with the Government of India’s vision for employment generation and fostering high-tech skills.

Main Point :-   (i) The 2025 edition emphasized critical areas including Artificial Intelligence (AI), quantum computing, cyber technologies, drone warfare, space technologies, and semiconductors, reflecting the future trajectory of Defence Technology and Warfare.

      (ii) It also spotlighted themes like Defence Manufacturing, Aatmanirbharta (Self-Reliance) in defence production, and reforms in acquisition and procurement processes.

(iii) The event was held against the backdrop of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh declaring 2025 as the 'Year of Reforms', with the goal of accelerating India’s transformation into a combat-ready, technologically advanced defence force.

      - The reactor is being developed by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI), a Chennai-based Public Sector Unit (PSU), which plays a pivotal role in India's advanced nuclear energy initiatives.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India (GoI) has set an ambitious goal of generating 100 Giga Watt (GW) of electricity from nuclear sources by 2047, as part of its long-term clean energy vision. Currently, India’s total installed nuclear power capacity stands at 8.18 GW.

      (ii) An additional 7.30 GW of nuclear power projects are either under construction or nearing completion, while 7.00 GW has been approved and is in the pre-project phase. With the completion of these projects, India’s nuclear power capacity is expected to rise to 22.48 GW by 2031–32.

(iii) Meanwhile, the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, has plans to further boost capacity by 15.40 GW through indigenously developed Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and an additional 17.60 GW through Light Water Reactors (LWRs) in collaboration with global partners. This expansion aims to help India reach a total nuclear capacity of 55 GW in the coming decades.

Main Point :-   (i) Mission Amrit Sarovar adopts a "Whole of Government" approach, involving coordination between multiple ministries and departments for seamless execution. The mission is further supported by the Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics (BISAG-N) for geospatial monitoring.

      (ii) As of March 2025, more than 68,000 Sarovars have been constructed or rejuvenated, out of which 46,000 were developed under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).

(iii) The recharge capacity from tanks, ponds, and water conservation structures has significantly increased from 13.98 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) in 2017 to 25.34 BCM in 2024, showcasing substantial progress in groundwater replenishment.

Main Point :-   (i) CR Patil also unveiled several knowledge products developed under various initiatives of the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). Notable among them are Hydrophytes: Green Lungs of Ganga Volumes I & II and Protocols for Collection, Storage, and Transportation of Biological Samples of Freshwater Macrofauna.

      (ii) These publications reflect the strong scientific basis and practical relevance of the government’s efforts in biodiversity conservation.

(iii) These publications demonstrate the scientific depth and practical importance of MoJS’s ongoing efforts in biodiversity conservation.

      - IBCA holds a significant conservation role by working to combat major threats faced by big cats globally, including habitat destruction, illegal poaching, and escalating human-wildlife conflicts. The alliance aims to facilitate collaborative efforts, both nationally and internationally, to preserve these endangered species and their ecosystems.

Main Point :-   (i) The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was launched by PM Modi in April 2023 to facilitate global conservation efforts for seven big cat species, including tigers, lions, and leopards, fostering international cooperation.

      (ii) IBCA achieved treaty-based intergovernmental status in 2025. It currently has 27 member countries, working together on capacity building, technology use, and research to ensure the survival of big cats, addressing threats like poaching and habitat loss.

(iii) On 17 April 2025, India signed an agreement to host IBCA's headquarters in New Delhi. This solidifies India’s commitment to big cat conservation and supports initiatives such as wildlife protection, habitat restoration, and international cooperation.

      - This was also the first time in India that GI certificates for 21 products were distributed at a single event by the Prime Minister since the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 came into effect in 2003.

Main Point :-   (i) Out of the 21 products awarded GI tags, 9 are from Varanasi, showcasing the city's strong cultural and craftsmanship traditions.

      (ii) Interestingly, Varanasi alone has 32 GI-tagged products, making it a global center for GI-recognized heritage items.

      - So far, Maharashtra has identified 160 routes under the UDAN scheme, with 105 of them already operational. The state's efforts to enhance regional connectivity through air travel were showcased during the event, reinforcing the government’s commitment to improving infrastructure.

Main Point :-   (i) Originally developed by the Public Works Department (PWD) in 1992, Amravati Airport had remained non-functional for years. Its revival was spearheaded by the Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC), which undertook significant infrastructure upgrades, including an extended runway and acquiring the necessary operating license from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).

      (ii) During the event, CM Fadnavis also announced the establishment of Southeast Asia’s largest pilot training institute in Amravati. The Flying Training Organisation (FTO) will open in the next six months, with 34 training aircraft. The institute aims to train 180 pilots annually, positioning India as a leader in aviation education.

(iii) Union Minister Rammohan Naidu highlighted the 40% increase in air passenger traffic over the last five years. He also pointed out the growth in India's airport infrastructure, with the number of airports in the country increasing from 74 in 2014 to 159 in 2025, further emphasizing the importance of the UDAN scheme and regional connectivity.

      - The software is a symbol of india’s self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in advanced power sector technologies. It will be updated every year to keep up with the changing needs of the energy sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The STELLAR software will be shared free of cost with all State Electricity Distribution Companies (Discoms) and Load Despatch Centres, as per the Resource Adequacy Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Power (MoP) in June 2023.

      (ii) This model helps in avoiding power cuts, finding the most cost-effective ways to generate and manage electricity, choosing the best energy storage methods for renewables like solar and wind, and supporting India’s goal of 24x7 reliable electricity supply under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

(iii) STELLAR comes with several key features that enhance power system planning and operations. It simulates the chronological operations of the power system, manages unit commitment constraints such as minimum operating levels and ramp-up/down times, and includes endogenous demand response to adjust electricity demand based on system needs. Additionally, it integrates ancillary services like frequency and voltage control and supports the optimal sizing and placement of energy storage systems. Overall, STELLAR is a significant step toward making India’s power sector more efficient, reliable, and future-ready.

Main Point :-   (i) India currently participates in a global hand and power tools trade valued at USD 100 billion, which is projected to reach USD 190 billion by 2035. The hand tools segment, currently worth USD 34 billion, is expected to grow to USD 60 billion, while the power tools segment—including accessories—is anticipated to rise from USD 63 billion to USD 134 billion, with electrical tools accounting for the largest share.

      (ii) China dominates the global export landscape, accounting for 50% (USD 13 billion) of hand tool exports and 40% (USD 22 billion) of power tool exports.

(iii) In contrast, India holds a modest share with 1.8% (USD 600 million) in the hand tools market and 0.7% (USD 470 million) in power tools.

      - In the financial year 2024-25, from April to December 2024, FDI inflows in both pharmaceuticals and medical devices reached ₹11,888 crores. Additionally, the Department of Pharmaceuticals approved 13 FDI proposals worth ₹7,246.40 crores for brownfield projects during the same period.

Main Point :-   (i) The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, launched by the Government of India in 2020, is a transformative initiative aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing, attracting investments, reducing reliance on imports, and increasing exports. The scheme is designed to enhance India's competitiveness in various sectors, including pharmaceuticals.

      (ii) The Department of Pharmaceuticals administers three PLI schemes to bolster manufacturing capabilities in the sector. Among them, the PLI Scheme for Pharmaceuticals, approved by the Union Cabinet on 24 February 2021, focuses on strengthening India’s pharmaceutical production and capabilities.

(iii) This PLI scheme has a financial outlay of ₹15,000 crores and offers financial incentives over six years (from FY 2022-23 to FY 2027-28) to 55 selected manufacturers. The scheme particularly supports the production of high-value pharmaceutical products across three key categories, further promoting India's growth in the global pharmaceutical market.

      - Additionally, to make these systems more accessible and inclusive, PACS now operate in 13 regional languages. Further strengthening the sector, a merger of dairy, fishery, and credit cooperatives has been undertaken to form Multipurpose PACS (MPACS), which are expected to significantly improve operational efficiency and expand the services provided to rural communities.

Main Point :-   (i) A strategic Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed during the event between the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) (based in Gujarat) and the Madhya Pradesh Cooperative Dairy Federation (MPCDF). This MoU aims to expand the role of cooperative dairy societies in improving milk production across MP.

      (ii) Madhya Pradesh currently produces around 5.5 crore liters of milk daily, contributing about 9% of India’s total milk output, but less than 1% of this is processed through cooperative dairies.

      - India’s trade surplus with the USA widened to USD 41.18 billion in FY25, up from USD 35.32 billion in FY24. Major Indian exports to the U.S. included drug formulations and biologicals (USD 8.1 billion), telecom instruments (USD 6.5 billion), and precious and semi-precious stones (USD 5.3 billion), among other significant sectors.

Main Point :-   (i) India's major imports from the USA during FY25 included crude oil worth USD 4.5 billion, petroleum products at USD 3.6 billion, and coal and coke valued at USD 3.4 billion. These commodities highlight the USA’s critical role in fulfilling India’s energy and industrial needs.

      (ii) China continued as India’s second-largest trading partner in FY25, with the total bilateral trade amounting to USD 127.7 billion, up from USD 118.4 billion in FY24. However, India’s exports to China declined sharply by 14.5%, falling from USD 16.66 billion in FY24 to USD 14.25 billion in FY25.

(iii) Imports from China surged by 11.52% in FY25, reaching USD 113.45 billion compared to USD 101.73 billion in the previous year. This widened India’s trade deficit with China to USD 99.2 billion in FY25, a 17% increase from USD 85.07 billion in FY24. Notably, China was India’s top trading partner from FY14 to FY18 and again in FY21, while the USA has held the top position since FY22.

      - In the category of smaller states (with populations up to 1 crore), Sikkim secured the top position, followed by Himachal Pradesh (HP) in second place and Arunachal Pradesh (AR) in third, while Goa found itself at the lowest rank among the smaller states.

Main Point :-   (i) The India Justice Report (IJR) is an annual publication initiated by Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Tata Trusts in 2019.

      (ii) The report evaluates how 36 States and Union Territories (UTs) of India are performing across four main pillars: police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid.It evaluates these pillars by analysing key indicators such as staff strength, availability of infrastructure, utilisation of allocated budgets, workload management, and the level of inclusivity and diversity within each system.

(iii) The 2025 edition was prepared by Tata Trusts in collaboration with organisations such as Ahmedabad (Gujarat)-based Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) based in New Delhi (Delhi), Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Think-Tank and research institution DAKSH, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based TISS-Prayas, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy located in New Delhi (Delhi), and How India Lives (Media Company) also located in New Delhi (Delhi) as the data partner.

      - PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the 3rd modern thermal power unit of 800 MW at the Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant in Yamuna Nagar. The unit, being set up by Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (HPGCL) at a cost of Rs 8,469 crore, is an expansion of the existing plant (2x300 MW) and is expected to be completed within 52 months, with commercial operations starting by March 2029.

Main Point :-   (i) With the addition of this 3rd unit, Haryana’s in-house power generation capacity is projected to rise to 3,382 MW. This will enable the state to ensure uninterrupted power supply across regions, playing a crucial role in supporting the growing demand from households, industries, and agriculture, thereby strengthening the overall energy infrastructure of the state.

      (ii) PM Modi also laid the foundation stone for a Compressed Biogas (CBG) Plant under the GOBARDhan Yojana in Mukarabpur, Yamuna Nagar. The project will be jointly developed by the Municipal Corporation Yamunanagar-Jagadhri and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) at a cost of Rs 90 crore, with an estimated completion timeline of May 2027 and a production capacity of 2,600 MT annually.

(iii) In addition, he inaugurated the 14.4 km long Rewari Bypass Project, developed under the Bharatmala Pariyojana on a Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) at a cost of Rs 1,070 crore. This 4-lane bypass connects NH-352 to NH-11 towards Narnaul, significantly reducing traffic congestion in Rewari city and cutting Delhi-Narnaul travel time by nearly one hour.

      - Following this, on March 18, 2025, the Telangana Legislative Assembly passed the SC Sub-Categorization Bill, in alignment with the Supreme Court’s judgment. The bill, titled The Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Act, 2025, received the Governor’s assent on April 8, 2025, and was officially published in the Telangana Gazette on April 14, 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) Out of the 59 Scheduled Caste (SC) sub-castes in Telangana, 15 have been identified as the "most backward," representing just 0.5% of the state’s SC population. These communities have been allocated 1% reservation, which is double their population share, to improve their access to education and employment opportunities.

      (ii) A total of 18 SC sub-castes that were receiving marginal benefits under the previous system have been categorized under Group-II. These sub-castes have now been allocated 9% reservation, aiming to enhance their representation and support in both education and public sector jobs.

(iii) The remaining 26 SC sub-castes, considered to have relatively better access to social and economic opportunities, fall under Group-III and have been granted 5% reservation. Notably, out of the 59 total sub-castes, 33 continue in their earlier classification, and only 26 sub-castes, accounting for 3.43% of the SC population, have been reclassified under this new system.

      - Both leaders engaged in discussions to deepen the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP), enhance cultural ties, and promote cooperation in key areas such as defence, trade, technology, space, and connectivity.

Main Point :-   (i) The Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), based in New Delhi, is set to establish its first overseas campus at the India Pavilion in Expo City, Dubai. This marks a significant step in bolstering India-UAE educational collaboration. The move follows the 2024 launch of the first Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) campus in the Middle East, located in Abu Dhabi, Dubai.

      (ii) The construction of Bharat Mart has commenced, alongside the unveiling of its 3D (Three-Dimensional) model. Additional announcements were made regarding the Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC) and the MAITRI platform (Market Access and Information through Technology for Responsive International Trade). These initiatives highlight the robust trade relationship between India and the UAE under the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).

(iii) India-UAE bilateral trade is projected to surpass USD 97 billion, moving closer to the USD 100 billion non-oil trade target.

      - Under AB PM-JAY, approximately 1.03 crore families, covering around 3.52 crore individuals in Odisha, are set to benefit from the health insurance scheme. Each family will receive health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per year, and senior citizens aged 70 and above will be eligible for free treatment up to ₹5 lakh regardless of income level.

Main Point :-   (i) A robust hospital network of around 29,000 empanelled hospitals, both within and outside Odisha, will accept the new health cards issued under the scheme, ensuring seamless access to healthcare services for beneficiaries.

      (ii) The Gopabandhu Jan Arogya Yojana, renamed from the earlier Biju Swasthya Kalyan Yojana (BSKY), focuses on providing healthcare access to the economically weaker sections in Odisha. It offers free health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh in rural areas and ₹6 lakh in urban areas, for all permanent residents selected under the scheme.

(iii) The Ayushman Vaya Vandana Yojana aims to support the health needs of senior citizens aged 70 years and above, irrespective of socio-economic background. The scheme ensures free access to essential medical treatments, removing financial barriers for the elderly.

      - Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyaran is situated within the North Sagar Forest Division, encompassing forested regions in Banda Tehsil and Shahgarh of the Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh (MP). It has been strategically planned to serve as a protected wildlife corridor between the Panna Tiger Reserve in the Bundelkhand region and the Madhav Tiger Reserve in the Gwalior-Chambal region.

Main Point :-   (i) This corridor is expected to play a crucial role in developing the longest and largest tiger corridor in North-Central India, facilitating the safe movement of various species including tigers, cheetahs, leopards, wolves, gharials, and vultures. It further enhances landscape-level connectivity between Madhav Tiger Reserve and Ranthambore Tiger Reserve in Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan, via the Kuno National Park in Sheopur, MP — known for housing African cheetahs.

      (ii) Madhya Pradesh is already home to several significant wildlife sanctuaries and tiger reserves such as Pench, Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Satpura, and Panna, reinforcing its status as a major biodiversity hotspot in India. The declaration of this new sanctuary adds to the conservation efforts aimed at preserving both flora and fauna.

(iii) As a national comparison, Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan is among the largest and most famous tiger reserves in the country. Interestingly, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the highest number of Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS) in India, with a total of 97 sanctuaries among all states and Union Territories.

Main Point :-   (i) On April 11, 2025, External Affairs Minister (EAM) Dr. S. Jaishankar, Union Minister of Commerce & Industry Piyush Goyal, and Antonio Tajani jointly co-chaired the 1st India-Italy Business, Science and Technology Forum in New Delhi.

      (ii) On the same day, Anna Maria Bernini, Minister of University and Research (Italy), called on Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Dr. Jitendra Singh, Ministry of Science and Technology (India), in New Delhi.

(iii) During this meeting, both ministers signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance bilateral collaboration in the fields of science and technology.

Main Point :-   (i) Silk and silk goods exports rose from Rs.1,649.48 crores in 2017-18 to Rs.2,027.56 crores in 2023-24, showcasing a 16.46% export boost.

      (ii) This growth is attributed to the expansion of mulberry plantations, which increased from 223,926 hectares (ha) in 2017-18 to 263,352 ha in 2023-24. Consequently, mulberry silk production also grew from 22,066 MT to 29,892 MT during the same period.

(iii) According to the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), India exported 3,348 MT of silk waste in the financial year 2023-24, further contributing to its global trade footprint in the silk sector.

      - The Government of India, through the Scheme for Setting up of Plastic Parks, offers financial assistance to support project implementation. Under this initiative, up to 50% of the project cost is covered, subject to a maximum ceiling of Rs. 40 crores per project. This substantial financial aid aims to encourage the development of world-class infrastructure in the plastics sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme is designed to enhance the competitiveness, polymer absorption capacity, and value addition in India’s domestic downstream plastic processing industry.

      (ii) It also aims to boost investments, expand production capacities, and encourage export-oriented growth in the sector by facilitating an enabling environment for stakeholders.

(iii) To ensure sustainable industrial growth, the scheme emphasizes the use of environmentally responsible methods. Additionally, it adopts a cluster development approach, which focuses on resource optimization, economies of scale, and improved coordination among stakeholders to achieve greater efficiency and impact.

Main Point :-   (i) The new classification is based on the 'precautionary principle,' meaning industries are assessed for their potential to pollute the environment, even before actual damage occurs.

      (ii) Industries producing minimal hazardous waste will also be classified under the Blue Category.

(iii) This includes sectors such as composting, Compressed Biogas (CBG) plants, Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), and Material Recovery Facilities (MRF). Despite having a high Pollution Index (PI) of 97.6, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants have been included in the Blue Category due to the environmental services they provide.

Main Point :-   (i) A 10-day pilot trial in Ahmedabad and Surat demonstrated impressive results, with drones arriving at the incident site within 2 to 2.5 minutes, significantly faster than PCR vans.

      (ii) The drones are equipped to stream real-time footage back to the drone base station, providing officers with instant visual intelligence. This allows for faster evaluation and strategic deployment of police resources.

(iii) In its initial phase, the GP-DRASTI project will be operational at eight police stations in Ahmedabad. Plans are in place to expand the project to Vadodara, Rajkot, and Surat, supported by further drone deployments.

Main Point :-   (i) The Prime Minister inaugurated and laid the foundation stone for several key road infrastructure projects in Varanasi, including a road bridge connecting the Varanasi Ring Road to Sarnath, flyovers at Bhikharipur and Manduadih crossings, and a highway underpass tunnel on National Highway 31 (NH-31) near Varanasi International Airport, with a combined worth of over ₹980 crore.

      (ii) The Prime Minister inaugurated two 400-kilovolt (kV) and one 220-kV transmission substations along with associated transmission lines in the Jaunpur, Chandauli, and Ghazipur districts of the Varanasi division, with a total value of over ₹1,045 crore.

(iii) He also laid the foundation stone for a 220-kV transmission substation at Chaukaghat in Varanasi, a 132-kV transmission substation in Ghazipur, and the augmentation of the electricity distribution system in Varanasi city, worth over ₹775 crore.

      - The Indian auto industry produced over 28 million vehicles from April 2023 to March 2024, including Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, three-wheelers, two-wheelers, and Quadricycles.

Main Point :-   (i) India’s automotive industry contributes 7.1% to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 49% to the manufacturing GDP.

      (ii) India’s share in the global automotive component trade stands at around 3% (~USD 20 billion). The trade ratio of India’s auto components is nearly neutral (~0.99), with exports and imports almost balancing each other.

(iii) The report forecasts a bright future where India's automotive component production reaches USD 145 billion by 2030, with automotive component exports expected to triple to USD 60 billion (from USD 20 billion).

      - The Indian Institute of Creative Technologies (IICT) will be established as a not-for-profit Section 8 company under the Companies Act, 2013. The equity structure will include 34% by the Government of India, 14% by the Government of Maharashtra through MFSCDCL, and the remaining 52% equally shared between FICCI and CII, both headquartered in New Delhi.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India has sanctioned an initial grant of ₹391.15 crore for infrastructure development and early operations. In addition, MFSCDCL has allotted a 10-acre land parcel within Film City, Mumbai, on a 30-year lease to facilitate the establishment of the institute.

      (ii) IICT will initially operate from a temporary campus located at the premises of the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) Limited in Mumbai. The institute envisions becoming a national centre for India's creative economy, fostering growth and innovation in the AVGC-XR sector.

(iii) Functioning as a Centre of Excellence (CoE), IICT will focus on training, education, research, and innovation in Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, and Extended Reality. It will also form a Governing Council and sector-specific councils to maintain industry alignment, support global collaborations, and drive skill development and employment opportunities in the creative industries.

      - The initiative was led by the Meghalaya Department of Textiles with support from NABARD and technical guidance from GI expert Dr. Rajnikanth, facilitating joint applications by the Textiles Department and the Meghalaya Ryndia Producers Association. It was further catalyzed by the recognition of Umden-Diwon Village (Ri-Bhoi district) as Meghalaya’s 1st Eri Silk Village on February 12, 2021.

Main Point :-   (i) "Ryndia" is the Khasi name for Eri silk, derived from the ryndia (castor) plant that feeds the Philosamia ricini silkworms. It is a unique heirloom fabric known for its traditional and sustainable qualities. Ryndia or Eri silk is also referred to as Peace Silk or Ahimsa Silk, as it is extracted without harming the silkworms, preserving Meghalaya's eco-conscious weaving heritage.

      (ii) This fabric is primarily produced by the indigenous Khasi, Bhoi, and Jaintia artisans of Meghalaya, with Ryndia weaving being a woman-centric tradition among the Khasi tribes. The fabric is hand-spun, handwoven, and naturally dyed, reflecting both cultural legacy and ethical craftsmanship.

(iii) A Geographical Indication (GI) tag certifies products from a specific region with unique qualities or reputation. In India, it is governed by the GI Act, 1999 (effective from 15 Sept 2003). The Ministry of Commerce & Industry (MoC&I) aims to reach 10,000 GI tags by 2030 to boost local heritage.

      - The Union Cabinet approved the doubling of the 104 kilometre-long Tirupati–Pakala–Katpadi single railway line section. This railway stretch spans across Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The project has an estimated cost of Rs 1,332 crore and aims to enhance rail capacity while improving regional transport efficiency.

Main Point :-   (i) The project will not only enhance connectivity to the famous Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh but will also provide improved rail access to other major pilgrimage sites such as the Sri Kalahasti Shiva Temple in Sri Kalahasti, Kanipakam Vinayaka Temple in Chittoor district, and Chandragiri Fort in Tirupati. This is expected to attract a large number of pilgrims and tourists from across the country.

      (ii) The multi-tracking initiative will significantly improve connectivity to around 400 villages and benefit approximately 14 lakh people living in the region.

(iii) In addition to boosting infrastructure, the project will support India’s climate goals by reducing annual oil imports by nearly 4 crore liters and cutting down Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions by about 20 crore kilograms. This environmental benefit is equivalent to planting 1 crore trees.

Main Point :-   (i) According to the 2022-23 PAI data, out of 2,55,699 GPs, a total of 2,16,285 GPs submitted validated data. Among them, 699 (0.3%) Panchayats were identified as Front Runners.

      (ii) Gujarat led the rankings with 346 Gram Panchayats recognized as Front Runners, followed by Telangana with 270 Gram Panchayats in the same category.

Main Point :-   (i) In the first phase of the initiative, over 55,000 individuals took part in IPPB’s Financial Literacy Camps conducted across India. Around 60% of the participants were women, mostly from the youth and economically active demographic. Notably, two out of every three beneficiaries came from deep rural regions, ensuring a significant grassroots-level impact.

      (ii) In the second phase, more than 4,000 financial literacy camps will be organized nationwide. Nearly 40,000 women postal workers will be trained as Niveshak Didis to lead these camps at the grassroots level, fostering financial awareness within their communities.

(iii) IEPFA is dedicated to educating and safeguarding investors, with a special focus on rural and underserved areas, by enhancing financial literacy and spreading awareness about investor rights and responsibilities.

Main Point :-   (i) This initiative aims to educate Class 11 and 12 students about career prospects in aviation, including roles such as pilots, air traffic controllers, aircraft designers, and airport managers.

      (ii) Additionally, Mahindra Aerostructures Private Limited (MASPL), a Bengaluru-based unit of Mahindra & Mahindra, secured a contract from Airbus Helicopters, a division of France-based Airbus, to manufacture and assemble the main fuselage of the H130 helicopter.

      - The research centre is the result of a collaborative effort involving the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), the J&K Forest Department, and the Central University of Jammu (CUJ), with international expertise provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).

Main Point :-   (i) This high-altitude centre will contribute valuable atmospheric data to the Geneva (Switzerland)-based World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Programme, thus helping to refine global climate prediction models.

      (ii) Alongside the inauguration, the Indo-Swiss Joint Research Project titled ‘ICE-CRUNCH’ (Ice Nucleating Particles and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Properties in the North-Western Himalayas) was officially launched in the Udhampur district.

(iii) Under the ICE-CRUNCH project, the centre will begin its first measurements focused on understanding how aerosols affect cloud formation, rainfall patterns, and climate variations in the Himalayan region. This study involves collaboration between Indian researchers and scientists from ETH Zürich, Switzerland, supported by the SNSF.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Modi described the Navkar Mantra as a deep spiritual reservoir of peace, stability, and mental clarity.

      (ii) He emphasized its role in honoring the Panch Parmeshthi—Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and Sadhus—who together represent 108 divine attributes in Jainism.

(iii) The Prime Minister also urged citizens to adopt nine meaningful resolutions inspired by Jain values to build a sustainable and harmonious future: conserve water, plant a tree in the name of one’s mother, actively participate in the cleanliness mission, support local products (Vocal for Local), explore the cultural richness of India, promote and practice natural farming, maintain a healthy lifestyle, incorporate yoga or sports into daily routines, and extend help to the underprivileged.

Main Point :-   (i) The renaming of Khuldabad to Ratnapur reflects the Maharashtra government's broader mission to revive pre-Mughal place names, reaffirming the state's historical identity and heritage.

      (ii) Khuldabad, located about 25 kilometers from Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, holds deep historical importance as the burial site of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and also houses the graves of his son Azam Shah and Asaf Jah I, the founder of the Hyderabad Nizam dynasty.

      - The company also contributed Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data to worldsteel’s global data collection programme, which is essential for evaluating the environmental impact of steel products.

Main Point :-   (i) In Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25), Tata Steel achieved several sustainability milestones. It became India’s first steelmaker to manufacture hydrogen (H) transport-ready steel pipes, introduced biochar into its blast furnaces, and carried out India’s first B24 biofuel-powered raw material shipment, marking notable strides in green steel production and clean logistics.

      (ii) Additionally, Tata Steel launched the Carbon Bank, a virtual CO₂ repository designed to promote and track low-carbon products.

(iii) The company has set a target of achieving Net Zero emissions by 2045 and continues to lead in digital transformation, with multiple plants earning the World Economic Forum’s Global Lighthouse recognition for their advanced use of smart technologies.

Main Point :-   (i) Palna Scheme Launched in 2022, the Palna Scheme is a restructured and renamed version of the former National Creche Scheme.

      (ii) Its core aim is to offer safe, nurturing, and development-focused crèche services, ensuring child health, cognitive growth, regular monitoring, immunization, and nutrition, in convergence with Mission Poshan 2.0.

(iii) Palna functions as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with a funding ratio of 60:40 between the Central and State Governments and Union Territories (UTs) with legislatures. For North Eastern and Special Category States, the funding ratio is 90:10.

Main Point :-   (i) During the event, Union Minister Piyush Goyal announced the approval of a Second Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) with a total corpus of ₹10,000 crore (USD 1.17 billion). He also announced the launch of a dedicated Startup India Desk within the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

      (ii) The Startup Maharathi Challenge 2025 was unveiled, aiming to honour outstanding startups contributing to India’s innovation ecosystem.

(iii) The India Fintech Foundation (IFF) was officially launched as a proposed self-regulatory organization (SRO) for the Indian fintech sector. The logo of IFF was unveiled by Amitabh Kant, India’s G20 Sherpa.

Main Point :-   (i) Waqf refers to properties permanently dedicated for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and their use or sale for any other purpose is strictly prohibited. Once dedicated, the property is considered to be held in the name of Allah.

      (ii) A waqf is permanent and irrevocable—once a property becomes waqf, it cannot be taken back, reclaimed, or redirected from its intended religious or charitable purpose.

(iii) India holds the largest waqf property base in the world. The Waqf Board is also the third-largest landowner in the country, after the Indian Armed Forces and the Indian Railways.

      - The strategic partnership between India and Israel aims to tackle the dual challenges of climate change and population growth impacting agriculture. A key highlight of the discussions was the proposal of a Five-Year Seed Improvement Plan (FYSIP), which focuses on developing high-quality, high-yielding seed varieties. This initiative is expected to significantly enhance food security by increasing productivity.

Main Point :-   (i) Both nations emphasized the vital role of technological innovation and capacity building in modernizing agriculture. As part of the agreement, they committed to expanding the use of advanced agricultural technologies such as pest management and post-harvest solutions. Additionally, the plan includes setting clear guidelines for technology transfer, boosting capacity development, and improving market access.

      (ii) To implement the agreement effectively, India and Israel will form a Joint Working Group (JWG). This group will be responsible for preparing a detailed roadmap with specific goals and timelines. Key focus areas will include the enhancement of Centres of Excellence (CoEs) and scaling the Villages of Excellence (VoE) initiative to broaden the outreach of modern farming practices.

(iii) A notable contributor to this cooperation is MASHAV, Israel’s Agency for International Development Cooperation. MASHAV has played a pivotal role in strengthening Indo-Israeli agricultural ties. So far, 43 Centres of Excellence have been set up under this initiative, with 35 of them currently operational, serving as hubs for knowledge sharing, innovation, and capacity enhancement in agriculture.

      - Meanwhile, GPI at the secondary level has shown a steady increase from 0.99 (2020–21) to 1.02 (2023–24).

Main Point :-   (i) According to the publication, the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in usual status for individuals aged 15 years and above has risen significantly from 49.8% (2017–18) to 60.1% (2023–24).

      (ii) The data also highlighted that women constitute 39.2% of all bank accounts and contribute to 39.7% of total bank deposits.

      - A toll-free helpline (0120-5202521) was introduced to provide guidance and assistance to women aiming to become Lakhpati Didis.

Main Point :-   (i) Under the Connectivity component of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN), MoRD sanctioned infrastructure projects for Tripura and Odisha, focusing on the welfare of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

      (ii) The MoRD also approved new infrastructure projects under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)-III to enhance rural connectivity and economic development in the states of Manipur, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh (HP), and Uttarakhand.

      - The 1st edition of the Digital Threat Report 2024 was developed by CERT-In in collaboration with CSIRT-Fin and SISA, a global forensic-driven cybersecurity company specializing in digital payments. The report is aimed at strengthening the cyber defense strategies of the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector by reducing financial risks and building a collective response framework to counter advanced cyber threats.

Main Point :-   (i) The report draws from a rich mix of sources, including SISA’s digital forensics and incident response (DFIR) investigations, cybersecurity intelligence reports, and key insights from CSIRT-Fin and CERT-In. This blend offers a comprehensive threat landscape view, focusing on key attack vectors, systemic vulnerabilities, and tactics used by rising threat actors targeting BFSI entities.

      (ii) A strong emphasis is placed on adopting an integrated cybersecurity approach, which unifies technology, regulatory compliance, and proactive threat intelligence. This strategic alignment is designed to help financial institutions enhance their cyber resilience, anticipate vulnerabilities, and maintain stability in the face of evolving cyber risks.

(iii) With India’s digital payments market projected to reach USD 3.1 trillion by 2028, contributing to 35% of total banking revenues, the BFSI sector has become an increasingly attractive target for cyber-criminals. The report serves as a critical strategic tool, equipping organizations with real-time intelligence and guidance to stay ahead of sophisticated cyber-attacks.

      - It is the 3rd fruit from Gujarat to receive the GI tag, after the Gir Kesar Mango and Kutchhi Kharek (date).

Main Point :-   (i) Amalsad Chikoo, named after Amalsad village in Navsari district, is known for its remarkable sweetness, smooth texture, and extended shelf life. It is cultivated using traditional horticultural practices passed down for generations.

      (ii) The GI-tagged region includes 51 villages in Gandevi Taluka, 6 in Jalalpore Taluka, and 30 in Navsari Taluka, collectively producing 30% of Gujarat’s chikoo, while Gujarat itself contributes 98% of India’s chikoo exports.

(iii) Amalsad Chikoo’s premium quality and extended shelf life make it ideal for both domestic and global markets. The recently granted GI tag is expected to boost exports to the UAE, UK, and Bahrain, while also promoting traditional farming practices and supporting local farmers’ livelihoods in Gujarat.

      - He also held bilateral talks with the Minister of External Affairs (EAM), Dr. S. Jaishankar.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Narendra Modi and President Gabriel Boric Font witnessed the signing of key Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs), including on Antarctica cooperation, space, disability, and mineral resources.

      (ii) India and Chile held a Mining Industry Round Table to strengthen cooperation in the mining sector, with a focus on key minerals like copper, lithium, and other critical resources.

(iii) Chile was the sole nation from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region to send a Special Envoy to India’s Independence Day celebrations in 1947.

Main Point :-   (i) The Act explicitly states that any foreigner posing a threat to India’s national security, sovereignty, or integrity shall either be denied entry or refused permission to stay within the country.

      (ii) On arrival, foreign nationals must register with a Registration Officer. The law also includes provisions that may restrict their movement, change of name, and entry into protected or restricted areas.

(iii) Foreigners entering without a valid passport or travel documents may face penalties including up to 5 years imprisonment, a fine up to ₹5 lakh, or both, as per the provisions of the Act.

      - This new structure replaces the old British-era bridge and serves as a major milestone in coastal connectivity.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Modi flagged off a new train service between Rameswaram and Tambaram (Chennai), strengthening regional rail connectivity and boosting local mobility.

      (ii) The Prime Minister also laid the foundation stone and dedicated completed infrastructure projects under the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) in Tamil Nadu, with a total investment exceeding ₹8,300 crore.

      - These efforts are aligned with the Government of India’s vision of building a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) through robust and data-driven governance.

Main Point :-   (i) The revamped Microdata Portal is a centralized digital repository offering enhanced access to datasets from national surveys and economic censuses. Developed in collaboration with the World Bank Technology Team (Washington D.C., USA), it overcomes earlier tech limitations and boosts data dissemination. Built on a modern, scalable, and secure tech stack, it features a responsive design and improved data access mechanisms.

      (ii) The National Statistical System Training Academy (NSSTA) website is a centralized platform developed in-house by the Data Informatics & Innovation Division (DIID) of MoSPI. It serves as a hub for capacity-building initiatives, making training and development resources easily accessible to stakeholders in the statistical ecosystem.

(iii) The AI/ML-Based Classification Tool is a Proof of Concept developed by MoSPI to automate the classification of economic activities using the National Industrial Classification (NIC) system. Leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP), the tool simplifies the categorization process, reduces manual effort, and enhances data collection accuracy—ultimately supporting more efficient policymaking.

      - The flagging-off ceremony witnessed the presence of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan, Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi, Secretary of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) Rajesh Kumar Singh, along with other senior officials.

Main Point :-   (i) The Indian Naval Ship (INS) Sunayna, as part of the IOS SAGAR mission, is carrying 44 naval personnel from nine friendly countries — Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. During its voyage, the ship will visit Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania), Nacala (Mozambique), Port Louis (Mauritius), and Port Victoria (Seychelles), where the international crew will undergo training sessions based on skills learned at naval schools in Kochi, Kerala.

      (ii) The training program includes hands-on activities such as firefighting and damage control, Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS), bridge and engine room operations, seamanship and boat handling, and switchboard management, aimed at enhancing regional maritime security cooperation and skill-building under the SAGAR framework.

(iii) As part of his visit, Union Minister Rajnath Singh also inaugurated facilities worth ₹2,000 crore under Project Seabird, India’s largest naval infrastructure project, being developed over 11,000 acres at Karwar, Karnataka. The newly unveiled facilities include seven piers, approximately 400 residential units, roads, and bridges, linking different parts of the base. He also participated in Phase 1 of the Naval Commanders’ Conference and reviewed the newly developed infrastructure at the site.

      - VVP-II will be a Central Sector Scheme (CSS), which means that GoI will provide 100% funding for the programme.

Main Point :-   (i) Approved 4 multi-tracking projects for Indian Railways (IR), aimed at enhancing line capacity and improving both passenger and freight transportation across key routes.

      (ii) The total estimated cost of the projects is Rs 18,658 crore, and the projects are expected to be completed by 2030-31.

(iii) These 4 projects will cover 15 districts across 3 states – Maharashtra, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, and will increase the existing IR network by 1,247 kilometers (km).

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme is specifically designed to address the challenges faced by Scheduled Caste (SC) / Scheduled Tribe (ST) or women entrepreneurs in establishing enterprises, accessing loans, and obtaining other necessary business support.

      (ii) It offers bank loans ranging from Rs 10 lakh to Rs 100 lakh to a minimum of one SC/ST borrower and one woman borrower per bank branch of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs).

(iii) Over the past 9 years, the scheme has witnessed significant growth, with the total amount sanctioned increasing from Rs 14,431.14 crore (as of October 31, 2018) to Rs 61,020.41 crore (by March 17, 2025) since its inception.

Main Point :-   (i) The complexity of the situation increases as states like Jharkhand, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh (AP) have five agroecosystems each. Additionally, zones like the North Eastern Hills and Western Coastal Plains span multiple states, necessitating inter-state coordination.

      (ii) Heatwaves have surged in India, increasing nearly 30 times by 2022, posing critical threats. Among the most vulnerable are pregnant women, elderly women, outdoor workers, and economically disadvantaged women.

(iii) Young children, especially those under 5 years of age, are at serious risk during extreme weather events such as heatwaves. Between 2000 and 2016, India reported over 17,000 child deaths due to natural disasters.

      - Tamil Nadu now follows Uttar Pradesh (UP), which currently holds the top spot with 79 GI-certified products.

Main Point :-   (i) The GI Registry has also recently awarded GI certificates to 8 additional traditional products from Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), along with one product each from Telangana, Assam, and Kerala.

      (ii) With these additions, the total number of GI-registered crafts from the Kashmir region has risen to 15, out of which 7 crafts have already received official GI certification.

Main Point :-   (i) The festival began with the District Youth Parliament sessions, which were organized from March 16 to 27, 2025, followed by the State Youth Parliament sessions, held across various State Legislative Assemblies from March 23 to 31, 2025.

      (ii) The key agenda of the Viksit Bharat Youth Parliament 2025 was to deliberate on the proposal to refer the ‘One Nation, One Election (ONOE)’ Bill to the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) for further examination.

(iii) A total of 24 National Youth Awards were recently presented across individual and organization categories. For the year 2021-22, 11 awards were given in the individual category, while 13 awards were presented for 2022-23, including 12 in the individual category and 1 in the organization category.

      - With this integration, passengers can now report stolen or lost phones via Rail Madad, and these complaints will be automatically redirected to Sanchar Saathi for immediate action such as device blocking and tracking.

Main Point :-   (i) As of now, the Central Equipment Identity Register (CEIR) feature under Sanchar Saathi has blocked over 30 lakh devices, traced about 18 lakh, and successfully recovered 3.87 lakh handsets.

      (ii) Established in 1957, the RPF has played a vital role in railway security and will now be further empowered with cutting-edge digital tools to assist passengers more effectively.

      - The successful GI tag acquisition was made possible through the dedicated efforts of P. Sanjai Gandhi, Intellectual Property (IP) Attorney and Advocate, who serves as the Nodal Officer for Geographical Indication Registration of Products for the Government of Tamil Nadu. He was supported by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, and the Thovalai Manikkamaalai Kaivinai Kalaingargal Nalasangam, Kanyakumari.

Main Point :-   (i) The traditional Saudagari Block Print from Jamalpur, Ahmedabad in Gujarat, renowned for its detailed and intricate hand-printed motifs, has recently been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

      (ii) This recognition safeguards the distinctive artisanal craftsmanship, ensures the authenticity of origin, and aims to enhance the livelihood of artisans who have upheld this legacy for generations.

Main Point :-   (i) Overall, the data shows that most of the 12 major Indian ports recorded cargo traffic growth of 4.35%, reaching a total of 855 MMT in FY25, compared to 819.30 MMT in FY24.

      (ii) Mundra Port (Mumbai, Maharashtra), India’s largest commercial port operated by Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ), made history by becoming the first Indian port to cross 200 MMT of cargo handling. It recorded 200.7 MMT in FY25, showing an 11.5% rise from 180 MMT in FY24.

(iii) Indian Ports Association (IPA) Established in1966 under the Societies Registration Act, the Indian Ports Association (IPA) serves as a statutory body dedicated to promoting the coordinated growth and modernization of India’s major ports. It functions under the supervisory authority of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW), supporting policy formulation, development strategies, and performance improvement across the sector.

      - Other significantly affected states include Arunachal Pradesh (AR) with 534.9 sq km, Odisha with 405.07 sq km, Uttar Pradesh (UP) with 264.97 sq km, Mizoram with 247.72 sq km, Jharkhand with 200.40 sq km, and Chhattisgarh with 168.91 sq km.

Main Point :-   (i) Additional states impacted are Tamil Nadu (TN) with 157.68 sq km, Andhra Pradesh (AP) with 133.18 sq km, Gujarat with 130.08 sq km, Punjab with 75.67 sq km, Uttarakhand with 49.92 sq km, Kerala with 49.75 sq km, Tripura with 42.42 sq km, Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) Islands with 37.42 sq km, and Manipur with 32.7 sq km.

      (ii) Data from 10 States and UTs is still pending. These include Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh (HP), Rajasthan, Telangana, West Bengal (WB), Nagaland, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and Ladakh.

(iii) Recorded Forest Area (RFA) refers to land officially classified as forest by the Government of India under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, irrespective of actual tree cover. RFA is categorized into Reserved Forests (RF) with full protection and restricted activities; Protected Forests (PF) where certain activities are permitted unless restricted; and Unclassed Forests, which are not designated as reserved or protected.

Main Point :-   (i) Driven by the 'Make in India' initiative, locomotive manufacturing has seen remarkable growth. Between 2014 and 2024, India produced 9,168 locomotives, averaging nearly 917 annually. In comparison, only 4,695 locomotives were produced between 2004 and 2014, with an annual average of 470.

      (ii) West Bengal-based Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) led the output with 700 locomotives. It was followed by Uttar Pradesh-based Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW) with 477 locomotives, Punjab’s Patiala Locomotive Works (PLW) with 304 units, and Bihar’s Madhepura and Marhowrah units, each contributing 100 locomotives.

(iii) The WAG-9/9H freight locomotive topped production with 1,047 units in FY25. It was followed by WAP-7 (272 units), WAG-9 Twin (148 units), WAG-12B (100 units), WDG-4G/6G (100 units), WAG-9HH (7 units), NRC (5 units), and WAP-5 (2 units).

      - The requirement for employer approval after bank verification has been removed. EPFO has eliminated the employer's role in approving the verification of bank account details during the seeding process with UAN.

Main Point :-   (i) Members can now independently register or update their bank account details with UAN using Aadhaar OTP authentication. This is especially beneficial for those wishing to change their existing bank account linked to UAN.

      (ii) Even those members who have not yet seeded their bank accounts or want to update their details can now easily do so through the simplified online process. This reform enhances autonomy and speeds up the claim settlement mechanism.

(iii) Currently, bank account seeding with UAN is mandatory for Provident Fund (PF) withdrawals. During FY25 alone, around 1.3 crore members submitted their requests to seed their bank accounts, reflecting the importance and impact of this process.

      - India's domestic solar manufacturing sector saw major progress. Solar module capacity doubled from 38 GW (March 2024) to 74 GW (March 2025), while solar PV cell capacity tripled from 9 GW to 25 GW. This expansion was driven by MNRE's Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, attracting Rs. 41,000 crore investments. Gujarat also launched India’s first 2 GW ingot-wafer facility.

Main Point :-   (i) As of March 31, 2025, over 11.01 lakh households benefited under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. A total of Rs. 5,437.20 crore was disbursed as Central Financial Assistance (CFA) to 6.98 lakh beneficiaries, promoting solar adoption at household level and significantly reducing electricity expenses for lower and middle-income families.

      (ii) Under the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM), the government allocated Rs. 2,220 crore for manufacturing electrolyzers (1,500 MW capacity/year) and Rs. 2,239 crore for producing 4.5 lakh tons per annum of green hydrogen. Pilot projects in the steel sector received Rs. 454 crore, while transport projects received Rs. 208 crore to deploy 37 hydrogen vehicles and 9 refueling stations.

(iii) In FY25, under PM-KUSUM, 4.4 lakh solar pumps were installed (4.2 times more than FY24) and 2.6 lakh pumps were solarized under Component C (25 times more than FY24). Total installations crossed 10 lakh with Rs. 2,680 crore spent. IREDA sanctioned Rs. 47,453 crore in loans and disbursed Rs. 30,168 crore, showing strong renewable energy financing growth.

Main Point :-   (i) The project is valued at ₹270 crore and is 70% government-funded, focusing on creating a prototype engine with over 50% indigenous content.

      (ii) The project includes the development of detailed designs for diesel engines ranging from 3 to 10 MW, intended for use in the main propulsion and power generation of Indian Navy and Coast Guard vessels.

(iii) The primary objective is to replace the current dependence on high-capacity engines sourced from foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) with domestically developed alternatives.

      - The stamp symbolizes RBI's evolution, featuring its original headquarters in Kolkata (West Bengal) and current headquarters in Mumbai. It also includes the 90th-anniversary emblem with the motto "Stability. Trust. Growth," reflecting RBI's foundational principles.

Main Point :-   (i) Established under the RBI Act, 1934, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) initially operated from Kolkata before shifting its headquarters to Mumbai in 1937. It plays a crucial role in monetary policy implementation, currency management, government debt oversight, and financial regulation.

      (ii) The RBI actively promotes financial inclusion, consumer protection, and digital literacy through various initiatives, including the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB). It ensures a stable financial ecosystem while fostering economic growth.

(iii) Sir Osborne Smith was the first Governor of the RBI, followed by Sir C.D. Deshmukh, the first Indian to hold the position. The RBI issues currency notes in denominations of Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs 200, and Rs 500, while coins in Rs 1, Rs 2, Rs 5, and Rs 10 denominations are overseen by the Ministry of Finance (MoF).

      - Developed based on the Maritime India Vision 2030, MAKV has set ambitious targets, including achieving 4 million Gross Tonnage (GT) of shipbuilding capacity and handling 10 billion metric tons (MT) of cargo annually. It also aims to position India among the world's top 5 shipbuilding nations by 2047.

Main Point :-   (i) The Sagarmala Programme has identified 839 projects worth Rs 5.79 lakh crore for implementation by central ministries, state governments, and other organizations. As of March 19, 2025, 272 projects have been completed with a total investment of Rs 1.41 lakh crore, while Rs 10,000 crore has been allocated for 119 projects across coastal states and Union Territories (UTs).

      (ii) Under the modernization pillar, 103 projects have added 528 MTPA of port capacity. The port-connectivity pillar includes 279 projects worth Rs 2.06 lakh crore, with 92 completed. Additionally, more than 300 projects worth Rs 26,000 crore under Community Development and Inland Waterways have improved coastal infrastructure, benefiting 30,000 fishermen.

(iii) To enhance the programme’s impact, the GoI is set to launch Sagarmala 2.0 with a Rs 40,000 crore budget, aiming to attract Rs 12 lakh crore in investments over the next decade. This initiative will focus on infrastructure development, coastal economic growth, and job creation.

Main Point :-   (i) MMMUA is a structured three-phase financial assistance programme aimed at supporting women in launching and expanding micro-enterprises. In the first year, each eligible woman receives Rs.10,000 as seed capital to start or grow small businesses in sectors like agriculture, livestock, and retail, promoting self-employment and economic empowerment.

      (ii) Second Year: After showing effective use of the initial amount, the beneficiary becomes eligible for Rs.25,000 — comprising a Rs.12,500 bank loan and Rs.12,500 in government support. The Assam government will bear the loan interest.

(iii) Third Year: Entrepreneurs who succeed in the first two stages will be eligible to receive Rs.50,000 to further scale their business operations.

      - Spanning 150 acres with a built-up area of 101 acres, the Chikhli facility highlights Waaree's commitment to a sustainable energy future for India. The plant also produces Mono PERC solar power cells, with trial production beginning in January 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) Waaree Energies invested $350 million (₹3,000 crore) in its Chikhli campus, reinforcing its commitment to solar technology. This facility is one of four in India, alongside plants in Surat (Gujarat), Nandigram (West Bengal), and Noida (Uttar Pradesh).

      (ii) The facility can manufacture 20 solar cells per second with 25% efficiency, boosting India's energy independence and reinforcing Waaree Energies as a leader in solar technology.

(iii) The TOPCon solar cells in the new facility feature a thin oxide and poly-crystalline silicon layer, enhancing energy conversion rates. Note: India's solar power capacity has grown from 2.82 GW in 2014 to 104 GW in March 2025, a remarkable 3,580% increase.

Main Point :-   (i) The exercise aims to enhance interoperability for conducting HADR operations and establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to set up a Combined Coordination Center (CCC), facilitating rapid and seamless coordination between Indian and USA Joint Task Forces (JTF) during exercises and crisis situations.

      (ii) Participants from both nations will engage in training visits, subject matter expert exchanges, sports events, and social interactions.

(iii) Under the Sea Phase, ships with embarked troops will conduct maritime, amphibious, and HADR operations off the coast of Kakinada.

Main Point :-   (i) The wages under MGNREGA have been increased in the range of 2.33%-7.48%, translating to a hike of ₹7 to ₹26.

      (ii) As per MoRD, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) wages have been raised by ₹7 in five states: Andhra Pradesh (AP), Arunachal Pradesh (AR), Assam, Nagaland, and Telangana.

(iii) The wages under MGNREGA are determined based on changes in the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL), which reflects inflation trends in rural areas.

      - Union Minister Jitendra Singh also launched the book 'Antyodaya Se Sarvodaya: A Framework of Universal Fulfilment.'

Main Point :-   (i) Dr. Jitendra Singh emphasized the democratization of civil services with increased female representation, particularly in STEM fields. Governance reforms include facial recognition for pension verification, eliminating physical bank visits, and process simplifications like a single pension form, a centralized education application portal, and the removal of 1,600 outdated rules.

      (ii) The government has introduced multilingual recruitment exams in 13 regional languages, with plans to expand to all 22 scheduled languages, and abolished interviews for certain posts to ensure fair recruitment. Rozgar Melas continue to create employment opportunities and uplift youth aspirations.

(iii) India has achieved major strides in science and technology, ranking 4th globally in patent filings, with 56% from resident Indians. As of December 2024, nearly 5,400 Indian scientists are among the top 2% best researchers worldwide.

      - These chemicals are widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. The plant will utilize chlorine, a by-product of caustic soda manufacturing, ensuring efficient resource utilization.

Main Point :-   (i) Operational since 1973, GACL is a leading player in the chemical sector with three manufacturing units (two in Dahej, one in Vadodara).

      (ii) It produces over 35 chemical products, including 8 lakh metric tonnes (MT) of caustic soda annually, and holds a monopoly in India for sodium chlorate and hydrazine hydrate.

(iii) This initiative aligns with India’s goal of enhancing self-reliance in specialty chemicals and expanding its global market share.

      - As part of the preparations, MDNIY launched a 100-day countdown to IDY 2025 during the Yogamahotsav event at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, on March 13, 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) The 11th edition of IDY will be the most expansive and inclusive yet, featuring 10 unique signature events to promote Yoga worldwide. Yoga Sangama will see a synchronized Yoga demonstration at 10,000 locations, aiming for a world record, while Yoga Bandhan will foster global partnerships by hosting Yoga sessions at iconic landmarks in 10 countries. Yoga Parks will establish 1,000 dedicated Yoga spaces for long-term community engagement.

      (ii) Inclusive initiatives include Yoga Samavesh for Divyangjan, seniors, children, and marginalized groups, Yoga Prabhava to assess Yoga’s public health impact, Yoga Connect as a global summit with experts, and Harit Yoga promoting sustainability through tree planting and clean-ups.

(iii) To attract youth, Yoga Unplugged will feature engaging sessions tailored for young people. Yoga Maha Kumbh, a week-long festival across 10 locations, will culminate in a central celebration led by the Prime Minister. Lastly, Samyogam, a 100-day initiative, will integrate Yoga with modern healthcare practices to promote holistic wellness.

      - Approved a ₹37,216 crore subsidy on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers for the Kharif season of 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) Approved the construction of a 4-lane access-controlled greenfield and brownfield Patna-Arrah-Sasaram corridor (National Highway (NH)-119A), connecting Patna to Sasaram in Bihar under the Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM).

      (ii) Approved the inclusion of the Kosi-Mechi Intra-State Link Project of Bihar under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana-Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (PMKSY-AIBP), with a total outlay of ₹6,282.32 crore.

      - In Nagpur, PM Modi inaugurated a state-of-the-art Loitering Munition Testing Range and an exclusive runway for unmanned aerial vehicles at Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Modi inaugurated and laid the foundation stones for multiple projects worth over ₹33,700 crore in Mohbhattha village, Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh.

      (ii) During the event, PM Modi flagged off the Mainline Electric Multiple Unit train service on the Abhanpur-Raipur route via Mandir Hasaud, enhancing regional rail connectivity.

(iii) PM Modi laid the foundation stone for NTPC’s Sipat Super Thermal Power Project Stage III with a capacity of 800 Megawatts in Bilaspur, contributing to India's growing energy sector.

      - The 'Bhashini Portal', highlighted during Universal Acceptance Day 2025, promotes linguistic inclusivity by enabling real-time translation across Indian languages, making digital content accessible to non-English speakers. Launched in Gandhinagar in August 2022, Bhashini, developed under Meity's National Language Translation Mission, stands for "Bhasha Interface for India."

Main Point :-   (i) The event was graced by S. Krishnan, Secretary of Meity and Chairman of NIXI, as the Chief Guest. Notable speakers included Tim Curtis (UNESCO), Samiran Gupta (ICANN), and Jaco Du Toit (UNESCO HQ).

      (ii) NIXI is a non-profit company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013, aimed at enhancing internet services in India.

(iii) UA Day, established by ICANN in March 2023 with UASG's support, promotes Universal Acceptance (UA), ensuring that all valid domain names and email addresses, regardless of script or language, can be used by all internet-enabled systems globally.

Main Point :-   (i) Additionally, on March 30, 2025, INS Karmuk and LCU 52 from the Andaman and Nicobar Command set sail with 52 tonnes of relief material, including food, water, clothing, medicines, and emergency supplies.

      (ii) The Indian Navy remains committed to its role as the region's First Responder in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) efforts.

(iii) The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spearheaded the mission, reinforcing India's "neighbourhood first" policy and its dedication to promptly assisting neighbouring countries.

Main Point :-   (i) In February 2020, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the NTTM with a financial outlay of Rs 1,480 crore for the period from 2020-21 to 2025-26.

      (ii) The mission’s objective is to establish India as a global leader in the Technical Textiles sector. A total of 168 research projects worth Rs 509 crore have been approved under the NTTM.

(iii) Since its inception in 2020, the Government of India (GOI) has allocated Rs 517 crore for the NTTM. As of now, Rs 393.39 crore has been utilized for various activities under the mission.

      - It helps MSMEs overcome challenges related to technology, workforce, and certification by linking academia with industry, offering hands-on training, and facilitating global market access through digital certifications.

Main Point :-   (i) Centers of Digital Excellence will be established by CII across the country to assist MSMEs in adopting customized digital solutions.

      (ii) Skill Development and Industry Collaboration aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry needs by creating a skilled technical workforce and fostering innovation.

(iii) NITI Frontier Tech Hub (NITI-FTH) was launched by NITI Aayog on March 5, 2025. It functions as a frontier tech action tank, driving advanced technological innovations to support India's economic and social growth.

      - The merchandise trade deficit with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners increased to USD 26 billion.

Main Point :-   (i) The United States of America (USA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the Netherlands remained India's top export destinations, accounting for 33% of total exports.

      (ii) China, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Russia continued to be India's top import sources. Imports from the UAE saw a significant rise, mainly due to increased shipments of specific goods.

Main Point :-   (i) The upgraded website adheres to the Digital Brand Identity Manual (DBIM) of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Guidelines for Indian Government Websites (GIGW) 3.0.

      (ii) It includes multilingual support and an inclusive design for better accessibility, updated security protocols for enhanced protection, and a citizen-centric interface with unified branding for both domestic and global users.

(iii) DBIM acts as a comprehensive style guide, outlining the visual, textual, and experiential elements necessary to harmonize India's digital footprint.

Main Point :-   (i) Aligned with Meghalaya’s vision of achieving a USD 10 billion economy, the event focused on policy reforms, infrastructure development, entrepreneurship, and grassroots economic networks as key drivers of growth.

      (ii) The state seeks to capitalize on its strategic location and the Act East Policy framework to attract cross-border investments and improve regional connectivity.

(iii) Launched in 2014 at the 12th ASEAN-India Summit in Myanmar, the Act East Policy succeeded the Look East Policy (1992) with the aim of strengthening trade and investment relations with Southeast Asian nations.

      - In 2014-15, only 26% of mobile phones sold in India were locally produced, which surged to 99.2% by December 2024.

Main Point :-   (i) India currently manufactures 325 to 330 million mobile phones annually, with approximately 1 billion mobile phones in use nationwide.

      (ii) In 2023, the GoI approved its first major project with U.S.-based chipmaker Micron Technology Inc., with an investment of approximately Rs 22,000 crore.

(iii) In February 2024, the GoI approved a proposal by Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons, to establish a semiconductor fabrication facility in Dholera, Gujarat, at an estimated cost of Rs 91,526 crore.

      - The Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) was launched on September 15, 2015, to reduce gold imports and mobilize domestically held gold for productive use. It replaced the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999, and allows Scheduled Commercial Banks (excluding Regional Rural Banks) to accept gold deposits. Eligible depositors include resident Indians, HUFs, trusts, companies, and government entities.

Main Point :-   (i) Under GMS, deposits start from a minimum of 10 grams of raw gold (bars, coins, jewelry excluding stones/metals) with no maximum limit. The scheme has two components: Short Term Bank Deposits (STBD) with 1-3 years tenure (bank-determined interest and premature withdrawal allowed) and Medium & Long Term Government Deposits (MLTGD). MTGD has a 5-7 years tenure (2.25% interest), and LTGD spans 12-15 years (2.50% interest), with withdrawals permitted after 3 years (MTGD) and 5 years (LTGD).

      (ii) The Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTC) are BIS-certified facilities that handle gold deposits and redemptions, while GMS Mobilisation, Collection & Testing Agents (GMCTA) are BIS-certified jewelers/refiners authorized to process gold deposits.

(iii) Recently, the Government of India discontinued the MLTGD component of GMS effective March 26, 2025, and earlier in 2025, it also discontinued the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) The Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), in collaboration with MyGov, a digital platform providing access to Government of India services, launched a nationwide competition inviting contributions for the "Baalpan ki Kavita" initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children.

      (ii) The contest invites participants to submit either traditional folklore rhymes (with author attribution) or newly composed, joyful poems in three categories: Pre-primary (ages 3-6), Grade 1 (ages 6-7), and Grade 2 (ages 7-8).

(iii) The competition will run from March 26, 2025, to April 22, 2025, and participants can submit their rhymes through the MyGov portal.

      - The Bureau of Indian Standards is India's national standards body established under the BIS Act of 1986. It functions under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution and is responsible for developing Indian Standards certifying products and systems and testing laboratories.

Main Point :-   (i) Mandatory BIS certification requires all hinges sold manufactured imported or stocked in India to carry the BIS mark to ensure quality standards. Hinges made for export are exempt from this requirement.

      (ii) The order allows up to 200 imported hinges per year for research and development as long as they are not sold commercially.

(iii) Violations may result in penalties including up to two years of imprisonment or a minimum fine of two lakh rupees for the first offense. Repeat offenses may incur a fine of five lakh rupees or ten times the value of the goods.

Main Point :-   (i) The stamp artistically portrays Mata Karma serving khichdi to Lord Krishna, with the sacred Jagannath Temple in the backdrop.

      (ii) This depiction honors the tradition initiated by Mata Karma, which remains an integral part of the temple's customs.

(iii) The commemorative stamp, along with philatelic items such as the First Day Cover (FDC) and Information Brochure, is available at Philately Bureaus nationwide and online at www.epostoffice.gov.in.

Main Point :-   (i) For Phase-01, the Ministry has identified ten states for data consolidation at the central level. These states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Gujarat.

      (ii) As per ILO’s World Social Protection Report (WSPR) 2024-26, social protection coverage in India has significantly increased from 24.4% in 2021 to 48.8% in 2024.

      - The investment and turnover limits for MSMEs have been increased, with Micro Enterprises now capped at ₹2.5 crore investment and ₹10 crore turnover, Small Enterprises at ₹25 crore investment and ₹100 crore turnover, and Medium Enterprises at ₹125 crore investment and ₹500 crore turnover.

Main Point :-   (i) The updated classification provides several benefits, including easier access to loans with lower interest rates, priority in government contracts, tax benefits, and duty exemptions. It also supports technology upgrades and innovation through various schemes.

      (ii) The revision aims to drive economic growth, accommodate inflation, and help businesses expand by providing a more flexible and supportive framework.

(iii) India has over 1 crore registered MSMEs, employing 7.5 crore people. MSMEs contribute 36% to the country's manufacturing output, with their share in total exports at 45.56%.

      - Additionally, NSTR management performs annual surveys using the Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status (M-STRIPES) application (app) and camera trapping, following guidelines set by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) based in New Delhi, Delhi, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) based in Uttarakhand.

Main Point :-   (i) The 2024 Annual Report on the Status of Tigers, Prey, and Other Mammals reveals that the tiger population in Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR), Andhra Pradesh, has grown to 76 individuals, excluding cubs. The report highlights the importance of prey density estimation for sustaining the tiger population and emphasizes Andhra Pradesh's role in maintaining the largest continuous tiger habitat in the Eastern Ghats.

      (ii) Under the Nagaravanams initiative, 50 urban green spaces have been created to mimic natural forests, with 11 more spaces sanctioned for 2024-25 and 12 proposals currently under review.Under the Nagaravanams initiative, 50 urban green spaces have been created to mimic natural forests, with 11 more spaces sanctioned for 2024-25 and 12 proposals currently under review.

(iii) NSTR spans 5,443 square kilometers, with a core area of 2,910 square kilometers, including Rajiv Gandhi and Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuaries, and a buffer area of 2,535 square kilometers.

      - Additionally, Rs 1,140 crore of working capital loans will be converted into preferred share capital. This financial support is aimed at streamlining production processes, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing the overall market position of RINL.

Main Point :-   (i) Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) is a Navratna company under the Ministry of Steel (MOS) and operates the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), India's first shore-based integrated steel plant.

      (ii) The plant specializes in producing long steel products, serving key sectors such as construction, infrastructure, manufacturing, and automobiles.

Main Point :-   (i) The festival showcased an array of thrilling sports and cultural events, including yoga on snow, snow skiing competitions (short-distance, long-distance, and cross-country), traditional archery, yak and horse riding, and folk dance and music performances by students.

      (ii) The program featured captivating cultural performances by several Ama Thoqspa groups, highlighting the rich and diverse cultural heritage of Zanskar.

      - Additionally, the commission aims to utilize the skills and experiences of senior citizens for societal benefit, encouraging their active participation in the state's development.

Main Point :-   (i) The Kerala Senior Citizens Commission will have a Chairperson and at least four senior citizen members, including one woman and one person from SC/ST. Members will be appointed by the Kerala government through an official notification.

      (ii) The commission will be headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram and will receive administrative support from a government officer of Additional Secretary rank. The Registrar will be a Joint Secretary from the Law Department, while financial matters will be handled by a Deputy Secretary from the Finance Department.

(iii) According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)'s India's Ageing Report, 2023, by 2036, 22.8% of Kerala's total population will be aged 60 years and above.

Main Point :-   (i) Dr. Jitendra Singh launched BioSaarthi, a pioneering international mentorship initiative aimed at nurturing biotech startups for a period of 6 months.

      (ii) According to the India Bioeconomy Report 2025, the bioeconomy sector contributes 4.25% to India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The BioIndustrial segment accounts for nearly half of the bioeconomy, contributing 47.2%, while biopharma follows with a contribution of 35.2%.

Main Point :-   (i) The panel will include prominent industry figures such as Lalit Keshre (CEO, Groww), Jitendra Gupta (Founder, Jupiter), Varun Dua (CEO, Acko General Insurance), Ajay Kaushal (Co-founder, BillDesk), Vishnu Pillai (KPMG), and Ashish Garg (McKinsey & Company).

      (ii) The committee will focus on examining the challenges faced by fintech companies, reviewing existing policies and regulations, and analyzing global best practices in fintech governance.

(iii) Based on these insights, the committee will propose a long-term vision strategy and recommendations to enhance the fintech ecosystem in India.

Main Point :-   (i) The winners of the Indian Web Browser Development Challenge (IWBDC) were announced as follows: Zoho Corporation secured the First Prize with a reward of Rs 1 crore. The Second Prize, worth Rs 75 lakh, went to Team PING, while Team Ajna was awarded the Third Prize of Rs 50 lakh. Additionally, Jio Vishwakarma received a Special Mention for their outstanding contribution.

      (ii) The new web browser developed through the Indian Web Browser Development Challenge comes with several advanced features. It offers enhanced security with a built-in trust store, ensuring safer online experiences. The browser also includes digital signing for authentication, adding an extra layer of protection. For families, parental controls are integrated to ensure child safety while browsing.

(iii) Additionally, the browser supports multiple Indian languages, making it more accessible to a diverse user base. It is compatible with various platforms, including Windows, iPhone Operating System (iOS), and Android, ensuring broad usability across different devices.

Main Point :-   (i) The Dialogue also hosts the Raisina Ideas Pod in partnership with Firstpost, India's premier international news platform owned by Network18 Group, featuring specially curated ministerial sessions and conversations on issues of global importance.

      (ii) During the Raisina Dialogue 2025, Union Minister S. Jaishankar, MEA, held several high-level meetings with leaders from Latvia, Nepal, Georgia, Ukraine, Thailand, and Maldives.

(iii) During the Dialogue, Bisleri International Private Limited, based in Mumbai (Maharashtra), in partnership with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), based in New Delhi, introduced a book titled 'Trading Blue Gold: A Blueprint for Water Credit Valuation in India' in New Delhi.

      - During the visit, New Zealand joined the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as its 50th member.

Main Point :-   (i) NZ PM Christopher Luxon engaged in summit-level discussions with PM Narendra Modi. Both leaders addressed bilateral, regional, and national issues, issued a joint statement, and signed several Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs).

      (ii) India and New Zealand launched negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), aiming to finalize it within two months. The agreement is expected to enhance trade and economic cooperation, particularly in agriculture, aerospace, and renewable energy sectors.

(iii) PM of New Zealand expressed interest in joining the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).

Main Point :-   (i) The "Samarth" Program aims to support startups and innovators focused on advanced technologies in Telecom Software Applications, Cyber Security, fifth generation (5G)/6G Technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) Applications, and Quantum Technologies.

      (ii) The program will be conducted in a hybrid mode, combining online and offline interactions. Each cohort will consist of 18 startups, with two cohorts running for six months each, accommodating a total of 36 startups. Only DPIIT-recognized startups are eligible to apply through the official links: www.cdot.in and cdot.sayuj.net.

(iii) Selected startups will receive funding of up to Rs 5 lakh, six-month office space at the C-DOT Campus, access to advanced R&D lab facilities, and potential collaboration under the C-DOT Collaborative Research Program.

      - Approval was granted for the establishment of a new Brownfield Ammonia-Urea Complex at Namrup, Assam. The complex will have an annual production capacity of 12.7 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) of urea, with an estimated project cost of Rs 10,601.40 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) The Union Cabinet approved the construction of a 6-lane, access-controlled Greenfield National Highway (NH) to connect Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) Port (Pagote) with Chowk in Maharashtra. The project will span 29.219 kilometers with an estimated cost of Rs 4,500.62 crore.

      (ii) The approved initiatives are aligned with the goals of fiscal responsibility and ensure that they fall within the limits set by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Management (FRBM) Act.

(iii) These approved schemes are expected to drive significant growth and development across multiple sectors, including dairy, digital payments, agriculture, infrastructure, and the urea production industry, benefiting the economy and rural areas.

      - The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) will feature six reactors of 1,730 MW each, totaling 10,380 MW, contributing around 10% to India’s 100 GW nuclear energy target by 2047. Under India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) framework, operators hold primary responsibility for incidents, with a dedicated ₹1,500 crore insurance pool to address liability concerns.

Main Point :-   (i) India targets net-zero emissions by 2070, with nuclear power projects like Jaitapur and Gorakhpur playing a crucial role in clean energy expansion.

      (ii) The Viability Gap Funding (VGF) target for battery energy storage system (BESS) capacity has been increased to 13,200 MWh from 4,000 MWh, supporting India's renewable energy push.

(iii) India plans to invest ₹15 lakh crore in green energy, while the Philippines is considering India as a key buyer for nickel, essential for EV batteries.

Main Point :-   (i) Sarvam AI will deploy its AI solution to facilitate voice-based interactions with Aadhaar number holders, offering near real-time feedback on enrollment and update processes, including detecting any overcharging by service providers.

      (ii) The agreement includes fraud detection, where real-time alerts will be sent to Aadhaar number holders if any suspicious activity is detected during authentication.

(iii) The AI solution will support 10 languages, including Hindi, English, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, and Malayalam, with plans for additional language options in the future.

Main Point :-   (i) Mission Amrit Sarovar, launched on 24 April 2022, aims to develop and rejuvenate 75 water bodies in each district of India, with a total target of 50,000 ponds nationwide. As of October 2024, over 68,000 ponds have been completed, enhancing surface and groundwater availability across various regions.

      (ii) Phase II of the Mission focuses on ensuring water availability, promoting community participation (Jan Bhagidaari), and strengthening climate resilience and ecological balance.

(iii) Every Amrit Sarovar will have a pondage area of at least 1 acre (0.4 hectares) with a water holding capacity of about 10,000 cubic meters, surrounded by trees such as Neem, Banyan, etc.

Main Point :-   (i) Key initiatives under the collaboration between DoT and WhatsApp include the launch of the 'Sanchar Saathi portal' and mobile app, enabling users to report fraud, track connections, and manage lost or stolen devices.

      (ii) Additionally, a Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) will facilitate real-time intelligence exchange between DoT and over 550 stakeholders, including banks and law enforcement, to tackle telecom misuse.

(iii) To further promote awareness, DoT will conduct workshops for officials, Telecom Service Providers, and Sanchar Mitras, while WhatsApp will translate safety materials into multiple regional languages for better accessibility.

Main Point :-   (i) The S N Bose Building, named after the renowned Indian Physicist Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose, will serve as an advanced hub for research and training in nuclear science and technology.

      (ii) The facility houses advanced laboratories that support GCNEP's specialized schools, enhancing its capabilities in nuclear security, reactor technology, radiation safety, nuclear material analysis, and radioisotope applications.

Main Point :-   (i) IMC will provide land for the plant and manage the collection and transportation of green waste. The IMC will earn Rs. 3,000 per ton in royalty fees for supplying wood and branches to the facility.

      (ii) Located in Indore (MP), this company will handle the establishment of infrastructure, including sheds, electricity, and water facilities, and will oversee the plant's operations.

(iii) Private firms have established the Meghdoot and sub-grade plants in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh, covering 10,000 to 15,000 sq ft, which process garden waste like leaves and small twigs from the municipal corporation.

Main Point :-   (i) The focus is on identifying concealed, deep mineral deposits using depth modeling and developing AI/ML algorithms for data cleaning, integration, modeling, and validation.

      (ii) Kolkata (West Bengal, WB)-based Coal India Limited (CIL), a Maharatna Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the Ministry of Coal (MoC), signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Hyderabad (Telangana)-based Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC), an autonomous Research and Development (R&D) institution under MoM.

Main Point :-   (i) The prestigious Fellow of RAV (FRAV) Award was presented to 13 distinguished Vaidyas and scholars for their outstanding contributions in research, clinical practice, education, and propagation of Ayurveda.

      (ii) Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (RAV) also presented the Lifetime Achievement Award to four distinguished individuals for their exceptional contributions to Ayurveda.

Main Point :-   (i) NAI is also working on the world’s largest digitization project, preserving over six lakh pages each month and digitizing millions of records daily.

      (ii) Thanks to the success of this digitization effort, the 'Gyan Bharatam Mission' was launched to make India’s historical knowledge more accessible to the public.

(iii) The NAI, which is part of the Ministry of Culture (MoC), was founded on 11th March 1891 in Kolkata (then Calcutta), West Bengal (WB), as the Imperial Record Department. After the capital moved to Delhi in 1911, a new building designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens was completed in 1926, and all records were fully relocated by 1937.

Main Point :-   (i) Once operational, Amravati Airport will become the third commercial airport under the Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited (MADC), joining Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Nagpur) and Shirdi Airport (Shirdi).

      (ii) The airport, developed by the Public Works Department (PWD) in 1992, had remained non-operational for public use until now.

(iii) MADC has undertaken significant upgrades to the airport, including extending the runway and adding other facilities to meet DGCA licensing requirements.

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme is designed to encourage young writers under 30 years old, fostering reading, writing, and a strong literary culture in India. It supports the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, promoting a knowledge-driven society.

      (ii) The program begins with a national-level competition on the MyGov Portal, running from March 11, 2025, to April 10, 2025.

(iii) The National Book Trust (NBT), based in New Delhi, will manage the scheme and guide the selected authors. Their works will be published and translated into various Indian languages to encourage literary exchange.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India (GoI) also allocated Rs 391 crore for the establishment of India's first Indian Institute of Creative Technology (IICT) in Goregaon Film City, Mumbai (Maharashtra).

      (ii) Additionally, MIB and the Government of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance collaboration in media, entertainment, and digital outreach.

Main Point :-   (i) The certification will be valid for three years, from March 6, 2025, to March 5, 2028, and BWSSB will undergo regular surveillance audits during this period. The next evaluations are scheduled for December 2025 and September 2026, followed by a renewal audit in November 2027.

      (ii) BWSSB satisfied stringent requirements for efficient, safe, and sustainable water management practices, covering all stages of water supply, including intake, treatment, distribution, and quality assurance.

Main Point :-   (i) The exploration access will be granted exclusively to private entities, allowing them to explore up to 1,000 square meters per licence, which will accelerate mineral exploration, boost private sector participation, and enhance India's mineral security and self-reliance in critical minerals.

      (ii) ELs were introduced through the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment Act, 2023, enabling private participation in reconnaissance and prospecting of 29 critical and deep-seated minerals, including Lithium (Li), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Gold (Au), and Silver (Ag), as listed in the new 7th Schedule of the Act.

(iii) In October 2024, the Government of India (GoI) issued an order under Section 20A of the MMDR Act, 2023, to conduct the EL auction process.

      - During the first half (H1: April-September) of Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25), individual housing loan disbursements were Rs 4.10 lakh crore, while disbursements during FY24 (ending March 31, 2024) were Rs 9.07 lakh crore.

Main Point :-   (i) According to the report, the Housing Price Index (NHB-RESIDEX), which tracks price movements of residential properties, showed a Year-on-Year (Y-o-Y) growth of 6.8%, up from 4.9% the previous year.

      (ii) National Housing Bank (NHB) is a statutory body established under the NHB Act, 1987 on July 9, 1988.

      - The Mission is being implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (Meity) through the 'IndiaAI' Independent Business Division (IBD) under Digital India Corporation (DIC).

Main Point :-   (i) Under the IndiaAI Mission, the Government of India (GoI) aims to create one of the most extensive AI compute infrastructures globally, with a high-end common computing facility equipped with 18,693 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). So far, the GoI has established three Centres of Excellence (CoE) in AI, focusing on healthcare, agriculture, and sustainable cities.

      (ii) The CoE in healthcare is led by IIT Delhi and AIIMS Delhi, the agriculture CoE by IIT Ropar, Punjab, and the sustainable cities CoE by IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. A new CoE in AI for education has been announced for the Union Budget FY 2025-26, with an outlay of Rs 500 crore.

(iii) Additionally, the GoI plans to establish five National CoEs for Skilling in collaboration with international partners. These centres will focus on training youth in AI industry-relevant skills, supporting India's vision of 'Make for India, Make for the World' in manufacturing and AI innovation.

      - The MoU includes plans to develop cruise tourism on a 4-kilometer stretch of the Yamuna River, designated as National Waterway-110 (NW-110), between Sonia Vihar and Jagatpur in Delhi. The project will introduce electric-solar hybrid boats with a capacity of 20-30 passengers, equipped with bio-toilets and safety gear.

Main Point :-   (i) To facilitate ferry operations, the project will include the construction of two High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) jetties. This initiative is expected to improve river-based transport while ensuring environmental sustainability through the use of green energy solutions.

      (ii) Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, and Union Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, Sarbananda Sonowal, attended the MoU signing ceremony, underscoring the government's commitment to modernizing India's transportation and logistics sectors.

(iii) As part of the broader sustainable water transport initiatives, the Harit Nauka Guidelines focus on promoting electric boats, which are already operational in Varanasi and Ayodhya. Additionally, NW-110, covering a 1,089-kilometer stretch from Delhi to Prayagraj, was officially declared a National Waterway in 2014.

      - The Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service (SSIFS), under India’s Ministry of External Affairs, signed an MoU with Armenia’s Diplomatic School to facilitate joint training programs, knowledge exchange, and skill enhancement for diplomats.

Main Point :-   (i) Armenia is an active participant in global initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and the Voice of the Global South Summit, showcasing its commitment to international cooperation.

      (ii) With over 1,000 Indian students studying in Armenian universities, both nations continue to foster strong academic ties, particularly in medical and technical education.

(iii) India and Armenia reaffirmed their commitment to cultural exchanges and regional collaboration while strengthening ties in areas of mutual geopolitical and economic interest.

Main Point :-   (i) The total foodgrains production for Kharif is estimated at 1,663.91 Lakh Metric Tons (LMT), while the Rabi production (excluding summer crops) is projected at 1,645.27 LMT.

      (ii) Kharif rice production is expected to reach a record 1,206.79 LMT, an increase of 74.20 LMT from the 1,132.59 LMT produced in 2023-24, with Rabi rice (excluding summer) estimated at 157.58 LMT.

(iii) Wheat production is expected to hit a record 1,154.30 LMT, marking a rise of 21.38 LMT compared to 2023-24's output of 1,132.92 LMT.

      - The Gujarat Government signed over 30 MoUs worth more than ₹1.04 lakh crore to strengthen semiconductor and electronics manufacturing in Gujarat.

Main Point :-   (i) The Building Local to Global Value Chain event featured six country-specific roundtables with representatives from Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, the Netherlands, and the United States of America (USA).

      (ii) Powering India's Semiconductor Revolution is a premier event focused on the semiconductor and electronics industry.

(iii) The ISPEC 2 was co-located with the IESA Vision Summit and emphasized global-level Research and Development (R&D) and workforce development in collaboration with global industry leaders.

      - PM distributed appointment letters under 'Rozgar Mela' and provided benefits under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban (PMAY-U), Gir Adarsh Aajeevika Yojana, and Sylvan Didi Scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) On March 7, 2025, PM launched the campaign in Surat, Gujarat.

      (ii) On March 8, 2025, International Women’s Day (IWD), PM participated in the Lakhpati Didi Program in Navsari district, Gujarat.

(iii) He launched two key initiatives, Gujarat Scheme for Antyodaya Families for Augmenting Livelihoods (G-SAFAL) and Gujarat Mentorship and Acceleration of Individuals for Transforming Rural Income (G-MAITRI), aimed at enhancing livelihoods and rural income in Gujarat.

      - Madhav Tiger Reserve is located in the Shivpuri district within the Gwalior-Chambal region. It spans 1,751 square kilometers (sq km), featuring a core area of 375 sq km and a buffer area of 1,276 sq km.

Main Point :-   (i) As of March 2025, Madhav TR is home to five tigers, including two cubs born recently. Two more tigers may be released into the TR.

      (ii) Under MP's tiger reintroduction project, three tigers, including two females, were introduced to Madhav National Park in 2023.

(iii) India hosts over 70% of the world’s wild tiger population, with approximately 3,682 tigers.

Main Point :-   (i) The aircraft is already in production, and HAL has manufactured 12 LCA Mk1A rear fuselages. With this supply, a major structural module produced by an Indian private partner will be integrated into the LCA Mk1A aircraft, enabling HAL to meet delivery commitments to the Indian Air Force (IAF) from 2025-26 onwards.

      (ii) The fuselage is the central structure of an aircraft that houses the pilot, passengers, and cargo, while the rear fuselage provides support for the tail section and its related components.

Main Point :-   (i) The project focuses on eliminating the fear women have that prevents them from reporting domestic violence, workplace harassment, or other forms of abuse.

      (ii) The Women Helpline (181) and Child Helpline (1098) will be available 24/7 under the Mission Shakti and Mission Vatsalya schemes, ensuring access to both emergency and non-emergency services. Emergency cases will be transferred directly to the Emergency Response Support System (ERSS-112) for immediate action.

(iii) The program encourages collaboration between the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Punjab Police, Women and Child Development, and Department of Social Security, ensuring quick rescue efforts, legal support, medical aid, and psychological and social care for victims.

Main Point :-   (i) The event featured plenary sessions, exhibitions, and discussions aimed at enhancing dialogue and action for sustainable development and climate solutions.

      (ii) It was attended by distinguished figures, including the Prime Minister (PM) of the Republic of Guyana, Brigadier Mark Phillips, Brazil's Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Marina Silva, Nitin Desai, Chairman of TERI, and Dr. Vibha Dhawan, Director General (DG) of TERI, along with subject matter experts and other dignitaries.

(iii) During the summit, TERI presented the Sustainable Development Leadership Award (SDLA) 2025 to Dr. Bharrat Jagdeo, Vice President of Guyana, and Marina Silva, Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Brazil. The award on behalf of Dr. Bharrat Jagdeo was accepted by Guyana's PM Mark Phillips.

Main Point :-   (i) Lineman Diwas was first organized by CEA in collaboration with TPDDL in March 2021 to honor the selfless contributions of these frontline workers by dedicating a day to appreciate their efforts.

      (ii) This collaborative initiative enables linemen to learn from their colleagues, expand their perspectives, and reinforce efficient safety measures, ultimately fostering a safer working environment for all.

      - The 'Rise' health insurance plan offers affordable premiums, ranging from Rs. 6,416 to Rs. 8,669 (inclusive of 18% Goods and Service Tax, GST) for a Rs. 10 lakh sum insured. Additionally, the Flexi-Pay Benefit allows customers to start their policy by paying 20% of the total premium (e.g., Rs. 2,000 for a Rs. 10,000 premium) and paying the balance anytime during the policy tenure. Monthly subscriptions as low as 5% of the balance premium (e.g., Rs. 400) keep the policy active.

Main Point :-   (i) The plan includes a Smart Cash Benefit, where customers treated at a government hospital can claim a Rs. 5,000 cash payout to cover post-treatment expenses. This feature ensures that individuals receive financial support for necessary recovery after hospitalization.

      (ii) The 'Rise' plan also provides a Return Benefit, offering 50% of the total premium paid as an additional sum insured, with a 10% annual bonus on the accumulated amount. It covers hospitalization expenses, pre-and post-hospitalization costs, and daycare procedures, ensuring comprehensive health protection.

(iii) The term 'Missing Middle' refers to the 40 crore Indians who earn too much to qualify for government health schemes but too little to afford private health insurance, as highlighted by the NITI Aayog report (October 2021). The 'Rise' plan is designed specifically to address this gap, providing affordable and accessible healthcare coverage for this underserved segment.

Main Point :-   (i) The initiative seeks to enhance formalization, mentorship, capacity-building, and electronic (e)-commerce integration for women in business.

      (ii) NITI Aayog's Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP), a public-private partnership (PPP), aims to provide access to finance, markets, compliance support, skilling, and networking for women entrepreneurs.

(iii) India SME Forum formalized a partnership with IndiGo Airlines through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), offering MSMEs improved travel solutions for enhanced business growth.

      (iii) Ambuja Cements Limited (ACL), based in Mumbai (Maharashtra), acquired up to 72.8% stake in Orient Cement Limited (OCL), based in New Delhi (Delhi).

Main Point :-   (i) Shell Deutschland GmbH, a subsidiary of the global energy company Shell Pic, based in the Netherlands, along with Shell Overseas Investments B.V., acquired 100% of Raj Petro Specialities Private Limited, based in Mumbai (Maharashtra).

      (ii) Roquette Frères S.A., based in France, acquired the Pharma Solutions and specific product lines from the Nourish segment of International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), based in the USA.

(iii) JSW (Jindal South West) Energy Limited (JSWEL), based in Mumbai (Maharashtra), acquired 100% of the shareholding in KSK Mahanadi Power Company Limited, based in Hyderabad (Telangana), for nearly Rs. 16,000 crore.

      - The assessment will incorporate various digital verifications, including name and PAN authentication via NSDL, mobile and email verification through OTP, API-based GST data fetch, bank statement analysis using account aggregators, and API-enabled commercial and consumer bureau data access.

Main Point :-   (i) MSMEs can apply for loans online from anywhere, reducing paperwork and branch visits. The process ensures quick in-principle sanctioning of loans via digital mode and smooth processing of credit proposals.

      (ii) The model introduces an end-to-end Straight Through Process (STP), significantly reducing the Turnaround Time (TAT) for loan approvals.

(iii) Unlike conventional credit eligibility assessments based solely on assets or turnover, this model allows MSMEs without a formal accounting system to be covered under the new framework.

Main Point :-   (i) These initiatives mark a significant step in democratizing AI access, enabling research-driven innovation, and bolstering India's global AI leadership.

      (ii) The IndiaAI Compute Portal will provide AI compute, network storage, platform, and cloud services at a discounted rate of Rs 67 per hour to startups, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), academia, researchers, students, and government agencies.

(iii) AIKosha is a secured platform that serves as a repository for datasets, models, and use cases to promote AI innovation. It is designed with the objective of providing seamless access to datasets, tools, and AI models.

      - The total budget allocated for the revised LHDCP is Rs. 3,880 crore for two years (2024-25 and 2025-26), ensuring adequate funding for livestock disease control, veterinary healthcare, and medicine distribution.

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme focuses on controlling livestock diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Brucellosis, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and Lumpy Skin Disease through immunization and disease surveillance.

      (ii) The LHDCP will enhance access to veterinary services through Mobile Veterinary Units (ESVHD-MVU) and ensure the availability of generic veterinary medicines under Pashu Aushadhi through PM-Kisan Samriddhi Kendra and Cooperative Societies.

(iii) The scheme will help improve livestock productivity, reduce economic losses for farmers, generate employment, promote entrepreneurship in rural areas, and support overall economic growth in the livestock sector.

      - It houses the world's largest hospital for elephants, equipped with hydrotherapy pools and jacuzzis to treat arthritis and foot ailments.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Narendra Modi announced the 16th Asiatic Lion Population Estimation, scheduled for May 2025.

      (ii) He laid the foundation for the National Referral Centre for Wildlife in Junagadh to enhance wildlife health management and disease control.

(iii) The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), constituted by the Government of India (GoI) under Section 5A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA), is a 47-member committee headed by the Prime Minister, with the Minister of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change serving as the Vice-Chairperson.

      - Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy launched two significant digital initiatives during the event: the Field Data Acquisition Application (App) and the Geo-heritage App 'Bhuvirasat', aimed at improving the efficiency of data collection and promoting awareness of India's rich geo-heritage.

Main Point :-   (i) On March 2, 2025, GSI organized a nationwide walkathon across 27 locations to kick off its 175th Foundation Year celebrations.

      (ii) The walkathon was designed to promote fitness and raise awareness about geoscience, with the theme "Geoscience for a Safe World".

(iii) The GSI is one of the oldest geological surveys in the world and the second oldest survey in India after the Survey of India (founded in 1767).

      - Union Minister Manohar Lal and Rajasthan Chief Minister Bhajanlal Sharma jointly inaugurated the 3R India Pavilion during the event.

Main Point :-   (i) Manohar Lal also announced the launch of Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a multi-nation alliance aimed at city-to-city collaboration, knowledge sharing, and fostering private sector partnerships.

      (ii) The forum concluded with the adoption of the Jaipur Declaration (2025-2034) by the member countries.

(ii) The declaration serves as a non-political, non-binding commitment to guide resource efficiency and sustainable urban growth for the next 10 years.

Main Point :-   (i) The paper addresses the rapid progress of quantum computing and its implications for sectors such as defence, intelligence, and cybersecurity.

      (ii) The paper emphasizes the need for a proactive, multi-pronged approach to safeguard national security in the era of quantum computing.

(iii) The Government of India launched the National Quantum Mission (NQM) in 2023 with a budget of Rs.6,003 crore to develop an indigenous quantum technology ecosystem.

      - Shell Deutschland GmbH, a subsidiary of Shell Plc, a global energy company based in the Netherlands, acquired 100% ownership of Raj Petro Specialities Private Limited, located in Mumbai (Maharashtra), through Shell Overseas Investments B.V..

Main Point :-   (i) Roquette Frères S.A, a France-based company, acquired the Pharma Solutions and specific product lines from the Nourish segment of International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), a USA-based company.

      (ii) Alpha Wave Ventures II, LP, based in Florida (USA), acquired a 12.44% stake in Advanta Enterprises Limited, a company headquartered in Mumbai (Maharashtra).

(iii) JSW Energy Limited (JSWEL), a Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based company, acquired 100% shareholding in KSK Mahanadi Power Company Limited, based in Hyderabad (Telangana), for nearly Rs. 16,000 crore.

      - The model panchayats are designed to align with PM Narendra Modi's vision of creating safer, more inclusive, and socially just Gram Panchayats, contributing to a 'Viksit Bharat' through 'Viksit Panchayats.'

Main Point :-   (i) Two major initiatives were launched: Virtual Training Programs for developing Model Women-Friendly Gram Panchayats and a Real-Time Monitoring Dashboard to track progress and enhance the performance of women-friendly gram panchayats across India.

      (ii) The digital platform will use technology to track, analyze, and enhance women's participation and welfare at the grassroots level. It will provide real-time insights and data-driven support to empower women leaders nationwide.

(iii) On March 8, 2025, MoPR will organize a nationwide Mahila Gram Sabha in all Gram Panchayats to promote the goals of the MWFGP initiative and to empower women at the grassroots level.

      - The trial includes 15 hydrogen fuel cell-based vehicles and 22 hydrogen internal combustion engine-based vehicles. These vehicles will be tested on ten different routes across India, including Greater Noida - Delhi - Agra, Bhubaneswar - Konark - Puri, Ahmedabad - Vadodara - Surat, and several others.

Main Point :-   (i) Several major companies have been awarded these projects, including TATA Motors Limited (TML), Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited, Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), and Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL).

      (ii) The GoI has allocated financial support of ₹2.08 billion for these projects, which are expected to be completed within 18 to 24 months. The pilot projects will assess the feasibility, safety, and economic viability of hydrogen-powered mobility in India.

(iii) The National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) was launched in January 2023 by MNRE with an outlay of ₹19,744 crores up to the Financial Year 2029-30. The mission aims to decarbonize the economy, reduce fossil fuel dependency, and position India as a leader in green hydrogen technology and market development.

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme ensures a minimum pension of Rs 3,000 per month after the age of 60 for workers who are part of the unorganised sector and earn up to Rs 15,000 per month.

      (ii) The scheme is overseen by the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoL&E), in collaboration with Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and Common Services Centres e-Governance Services India Limited (CSC SPV), to ensure smooth implementation.

(iii) As of December 31, 2024, more than 30.51 crore unorganised workers were registered on the e-Shram portal.

Main Point :-   (i) The total size of India's social sector funding, which includes areas like education, healthcare, and gender equality, is approximately Rs 25 lakh crore (USD 300 billion), making up 8.3% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

      (ii) Public spending contributed 95% of the total funding, amounting to Rs 23 lakh crore. Private spending increased by 7% from FY 2023 to FY 2024, reaching around Rs 1.3 lakh crore (USD 16 billion).

Main Point :-   (i) The JV will mainly focus on the Indian Army's (IA) Light Tank program, specifically the Zorawar tank. Zorawar is a light tank developed jointly by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Larsen & Toubro (L&T), and is currently undergoing advanced trials.

      (ii) The JV will operate on a 60:40 ratio, with JCD holding the majority share. This ensures that advanced turret technology is transferred to India, supporting the country’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) defense initiative.

(iii) Additionally, Thales Belgium, based in Brussels (Belgium), has teamed up with India’s state-owned Armoured Vehicle Nigam Ltd (AVNL) in Avadi (Chennai). Together, they will integrate a 70mm rocket system onto military vehicles for the Indian armed forces. In 2025, a key milestone will be a joint demonstration, including live firing exercises, as per Belgian embassy officials.

Main Point :-   (i) The facility uses high-speed stringers that can produce an impressive 10,000 cells per hour with AI-driven automation. This ensures consistent quality, reduces errors, and minimizes material waste.

      (ii) It also incorporates AI-powered Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) technologies for real-time quality control. These systems use advanced computer vision to detect and eliminate microscopic defects.

(iii) Additionally, the plant features AI-powered 3-Display Electro Luminescent (EL) and visual inspection devices, which check both the front and back of solar modules.

      - The number of business accounts opened by women surged 4.6 times, from 8 lakh in 2019 to 37 lakh in 2024. Business loan disbursements rose to ₹1.9 lakh crore in 2024, up from ₹0.7 lakh crore in 2019, though these loans accounted for only 3% of the total loans availed by women.

Main Point :-   (i) Since 2019, women's share in business loan origination has grown by 14%, while their gold loan share increased by 6%. By December 2024, women made up 35% of business borrowers.

      (ii) Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu (TN), Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Telangana contributed 49% of all self-monitoring women, with the southern region leading at 10.2 million in 2024.

(iii) Northern and central states like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Madhya Pradesh (MP) recorded the highest Compounded Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) in active women borrowers over the last five years.

Main Point :-   (i) The survey was conducted between 2021 and 2023 by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in partnership with state forest departments of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and non-profit organizations including Aaranyak, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Turtle Survival Alliance, and Wildlife Trust of India.

      (ii) UP, with 2,397 dolphins, topped among the 8 states with the highest number of dolphins in the country, followed by Bihar (2,220), West Bengal (WB) (815), and Assam (635).

Main Point :-   (i) During the workshop, NDDB signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in the dairy sector by providing technical, financial, and implementation support.

      (ii) NDDB introduced a new financing scheme with an estimated budget of Rs. 1,000 crores aimed at providing financial assistance for small biogas, large-scale biogas plants, and Compressed Biogas (CBG) projects, supporting the scaling up of various manure management models over the next 10 years.

Main Point :-   (i) Acharya Lokesh highlighted that the World Peace Center will serve as a beacon of spirituality and social unity, offering a platform for peace education, environmental conservation, equality, and institutional peace-building initiatives.

      (ii) The World Peace Center will play a key role in fostering awareness, promoting social responsibility, supporting sustainable development, and creating institutional networks to enhance peace and harmony.

      - The number of business accounts opened by women surged 4.6 times, from 8 lakh in 2019 to 37 lakh in 2024. Business loan disbursements rose to ₹1.9 lakh crore in 2024, up from ₹0.7 lakh crore in 2019, though these loans accounted for only 3% of the total loans availed by women.

Main Point :-   (i) Since 2019, women's share in business loan origination has grown by 14%, while their gold loan share increased by 6%. By December 2024, women made up 35% of business borrowers.

      (ii) Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu (TN), Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Telangana contributed 49% of all self-monitoring women, with the southern region leading at 10.2 million in 2024.

(iii) Northern and central states like Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Madhya Pradesh (MP) recorded the highest Compounded Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) in active women borrowers over the last five years.

Main Point :-   (i) The survey was conducted between 2021 and 2023 by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in partnership with state forest departments of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and non-profit organizations including Aaranyak, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Turtle Survival Alliance, and Wildlife Trust of India.

      (ii) UP, with 2,397 dolphins, topped among the 8 states with the highest number of dolphins in the country, followed by Bihar (2,220), West Bengal (WB) (815), and Assam (635).

Main Point :-   (i) During the workshop, NDDB signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in the dairy sector by providing technical, financial, and implementation support.

      (ii) NDDB introduced a new financing scheme with an estimated budget of Rs. 1,000 crores aimed at providing financial assistance for small biogas, large-scale biogas plants, and Compressed Biogas (CBG) projects, supporting the scaling up of various manure management models over the next 10 years.

Main Point :-   (i) Acharya Lokesh highlighted that the World Peace Center will serve as a beacon of spirituality and social unity, offering a platform for peace education, environmental conservation, equality, and institutional peace-building initiatives.

      (ii) The World Peace Center will play a key role in fostering awareness, promoting social responsibility, supporting sustainable development, and creating institutional networks to enhance peace and harmony.

      - On 28th February 2025, the 2nd India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting was held in New Delhi, where India and the EU committed to strengthening food security and sustainability, including early warning systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) supply, and advancing renewable energy cooperation through solar energy, offshore wind, and green hydrogen technologies.

Main Point :-   (i) India and the EU set a year-end deadline to finalize the long-negotiated bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which would become the world's largest trade deal of its kind.

      (ii) India and the EU renewed their Science & Technology (S&T) partnership, originally signed in 2001, renewed in 2015 and 2020, and now extended for 2025-2030.

(iii) On 28th February 2025, Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh hosted a high-level European Union (EU) delegation led by Commissioner Andrius Kubilius in New Delhi to discuss expanding current and future collaborations between India and the EU in space exploration.

      - Under the Samridhi Gram Yojana, each block in Assam will have a 5G Use Application Service to support telemedicine and online education.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), announced an investment of over Rs 4,800 crore to boost Assam's inland waterways sector during the Advantage Assam 2.0 Summit.

      (ii) Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Vedanta Limited also based in Mumbai, and the Adani Group based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, have pledged to invest over Rs 1.5 lakh crore in Assam across various sectors, as announced by their respective leaders at the Advantage Assam 2.0 Summit.

      - Under the Samridhi Gram Yojana, each block in Assam will have a 5G Use Application Service to support telemedicine and online education.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), announced an investment of over Rs 4,800 crore to boost Assam's inland waterways sector during the Advantage Assam 2.0 Summit.

      (ii) Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Vedanta Limited also based in Mumbai, and the Adani Group based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, have pledged to invest over Rs 1.5 lakh crore in Assam across various sectors, as announced by their respective leaders at the Advantage Assam 2.0 Summit.

      - On 28th February 2025, the 2nd India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting was held in New Delhi, where India and the EU committed to strengthening food security and sustainability, including early warning systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) supply, and advancing renewable energy cooperation through solar energy, offshore wind, and green hydrogen technologies.

Main Point :-   (i) India and the EU set a year-end deadline to finalize the long-negotiated bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which would become the world's largest trade deal of its kind.

      (ii) India and the EU renewed their Science & Technology (S&T) partnership, originally signed in 2001, renewed in 2015 and 2020, and now extended for 2025-2030.

(iii) On 28th February 2025, Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh hosted a high-level European Union (EU) delegation led by Commissioner Andrius Kubilius in New Delhi to discuss expanding current and future collaborations between India and the EU in space exploration.

Main Point :-   (i) The ONOP initiative was launched to streamline processes with Immigration, the Port Health Organization (PHO), and Port Authorities. It aims to reduce container documentation by 33% (from 143 to 96) and bulk cargo documents by 29% (from 150 to 106), addressing inefficiencies, costs, and operational delays.

      (ii) The consortium comprises India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) in Mumbai (Maharashtra), Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) in New Delhi (Delhi), and India Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited (IPRCL) in New Delhi. It aims to enhance India's global port connectivity and trade infrastructure.

(iii) The MAITRI Application (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface) was launched to streamline trade processes, reduce bureaucratic redundancies, and expedite clearances, improving efficiency in India's maritime sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The survey showed that 75% of males and 25% of females in the age group of 15-59 years participated in employment and related activities during a 24-hour day in 2024, compared to 70.9% for males and 21.8% for females in 2019.

      (ii) The time spent by female participants aged 15-59 years in unpaid domestic service declined from 315 minutes (in 2024) to 305 minutes (in 2019), signifying a shift from unpaid to paid activities.

      - The report was officially released by Sunita Narain, Director General (DG) of CSE, alongside notable figures such as India's G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant, former Planning Commission Deputy Chairperson Montek Singh Ahluwalia, and management expert Raj Liberhan.

Main Point :-   (i) The report highlights rising temperatures, increasing extreme weather events, air pollution, and biodiversity loss. It also marks the 40th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

      (ii) 140,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the environment, with 220 billion tonnes released annually, including 65 kg of cancer-causing substances per second. India uses 255,000 tonnes of pesticides yearly, raising health and ecological concerns.

(iii) India faced 255 days of extreme weather in 2024, damaging 3.2 million hectares of farmland. 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with global temperatures 1.60°C above pre-industrial levels.

Main Point :-   (i) The ONOP initiative was launched to streamline processes with Immigration, the Port Health Organization (PHO), and Port Authorities. It aims to reduce container documentation by 33% (from 143 to 96) and bulk cargo documents by 29% (from 150 to 106), addressing inefficiencies, costs, and operational delays.

      (ii) The consortium comprises India Ports Global Limited (IPGL) in Mumbai (Maharashtra), Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) in New Delhi (Delhi), and India Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited (IPRCL) in New Delhi. It aims to enhance India's global port connectivity and trade infrastructure.

(iii) The MAITRI Application (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface) was launched to streamline trade processes, reduce bureaucratic redundancies, and expedite clearances, improving efficiency in India's maritime sector.

Main Point :-   (i) The survey showed that 75% of males and 25% of females in the age group of 15-59 years participated in employment and related activities during a 24-hour day in 2024, compared to 70.9% for males and 21.8% for females in 2019.

      (ii) The time spent by female participants aged 15-59 years in unpaid domestic service declined from 315 minutes (in 2024) to 305 minutes (in 2019), signifying a shift from unpaid to paid activities.

      - The report was officially released by Sunita Narain, Director General (DG) of CSE, alongside notable figures such as India's G20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant, former Planning Commission Deputy Chairperson Montek Singh Ahluwalia, and management expert Raj Liberhan.

Main Point :-   (i) The report highlights rising temperatures, increasing extreme weather events, air pollution, and biodiversity loss. It also marks the 40th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

      (ii) 140,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the environment, with 220 billion tonnes released annually, including 65 kg of cancer-causing substances per second. India uses 255,000 tonnes of pesticides yearly, raising health and ecological concerns.

(iii) India faced 255 days of extreme weather in 2024, damaging 3.2 million hectares of farmland. 2024 was the hottest year ever recorded, with global temperatures 1.60°C above pre-industrial levels.

      - The roadmap was developed through extensive consultations across every Australian state and territory, along with key stakeholders in India.

Main Point :-   (i) The initiative seeks to generate long-term economic benefits for both countries by fostering collaboration and investment, assisting businesses in navigating India's dynamic and growing market.

      (ii) India is projected to become the third-largest economy by 2030. The strategy aligns with India's economic trajectory, with Australia working to strengthen ties with Indian businesses and communities, recognizing the immense trade and investment potential.

Main Point :-   (i) PM Narendra Modi recently laid the foundation stone for the 'Bageshwar Dham Medical and Science Research Institute' in Garha village, Chhatarpur district, MP, and inaugurated the 'Global Investors Summit (GIS) 2025' in Bhopal, MP.

      (ii) In Bihar, PM Narendra Modi recently launched the '19th installment of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Scheme', providing financial support to farmers nationwide.

(iii) While in Assam, PM Narendra Modi recently attended the 'Jhumoir Binandini (Mega Jhumoir) 2025' and inaugurated the 'Advantage Assam 2.0 Summit 2025' in Guwahati, Assam.

Main Point :-   (i) The initiative is a part of GeM's foundational pillar of social inclusion, which is committed to improving ease of doing business and establishing direct market linkages to annual procurement for startups, women entrepreneurs, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and youth, especially those from backward sections of society.

      (ii) During the event, GeM signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with New Delhi-based FICCI-Ladies Organisation (FLO), a division of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI).

(iii) Through this MoU, GeM aims to provide direct access for women entrepreneurs with government buyers, sans intermediaries, ensuring better product prices, generating job opportunities, and promoting inclusive growth.

      - Key dignitaries at the conference included the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, and External Affairs Minister (EAM) Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, who both participated and delivered the keynote address. The UN was represented by Jean-Pierre Lacroix, UN Under-Secretary-General (SG), and Christian Saunders, UN Special Coordinator.

Main Point :-   (i) India has been a key contributor to UN peacekeeping missions for over 70 years, providing nearly 300,000 troops across 50 missions since the 1950s and pioneering the deployment of women peacekeepers, including the first all-women Formed Police Unit (FPU) in 2007, which served in Liberia until 2016.

      (ii) Dr. Kiran Bedi made history as the first female UN Police Advisor, serving from 2003 to 2005, further solidifying India's leadership in peacekeeping operations.

(iii) The Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK), established in 2000 by the Indian Army (IA) with support from the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), is dedicated to enhancing India's contributions to UN peacekeeping and offers comprehensive training programs for both Indian and international military personnel.

      - This high-speed transport system offers benefits such as immunity to weather conditions, collision-free travel, speeds twice that of airplanes, and low energy consumption.

Main Point :-   (i) The Hyperloop is a high-speed transportation system that uses capsules or pods traveling through vacuum-sealed tubes, reaching speeds of up to 1,100 km/hour.

      (ii) The hyperloop system uses vacuum-sealed tubes to reduce air resistance, electromagnetic propulsion for high-speed travel, and capsules equipped with advanced life support systems for safety and comfort.

(iii) The Ministry of Railways (MoR) has already granted IIT Madras Rs. 8.7 crore (approximately USD 1 million) twice for the hyperloop project’s development and has provided an additional USD 1 million grant, marking the third such contribution to accelerate the project’s progress.

      - The objective is to develop impactful visualizations that support evidence-based policymaking for a Viksit Bharat.

Main Point :-   (i) The hackathon will be hosted on the MyGov platform and is open to undergraduate (UG), postgraduate (PG), and research students.

      (ii) A panel of experts from the industry and academia will evaluate the top 30 entries, with prize money for the winners.

(iii) The first prize will be Rs 2 lakh, two second prizes of Rs 1 lakh each, two third prizes of Rs 50,000 each, and twenty-five consolation prizes of Rs 20,000 each.

Main Point :-   (i) During the Aadi Mahotsav, TRIFED signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with several organizations, including Tea Trunk (a Goa-based premium tea brand), Meesho (an Indian e-commerce company based in Bengaluru, Karnataka), the Indian Federation of Culinary Associations (IFCA) based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Rural Industrialization (MGIRI) in Wardha, Maharashtra, to support tribal businesses.

      (ii) TRIFED also signed MoUs with Reliance Retail Limited (Mumbai, Maharashtra), Hindustan Computers Limited Foundation (HCLF, Noida, Uttar Pradesh), and Torajamelo (Indonesia) with the goal of implementing the Business-to-Business (B2B) approach and enhancing the tribal product market.

Main Point :-   (i) On February 21, 2025, PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the inaugural 'SOUL Leadership Conclave 2025' at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi (Delhi).

      (ii) PM of Bhutan, Dasho Tshering Tobgay, graced the event and delivered the keynote address as the Guest of Honor.

(iii) The two-day SOUL Leadership Conclave, from February 21 to 22, 2025, served as a premier platform for leaders across diverse fields, including politics, sports, arts, media, spirituality, public policy, business, and social sectors, to share their inspiring journeys and discuss leadership insights.

Main Point :-   (i) It is a Central Sector Scheme (CSS) launched in 2019 and is being implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW).

      (ii) In February 2025, the Ministry of Finance (MoF) allocated Rs 63,500 crore for the scheme in the Union Budget for Financial Year 2025-26 (FY26), which is the same as estimated for FY25.

      - Vaidya Tara Chand Sharma, known for his mastery as a Nadi Vaidya, is also a distinguished author.

Main Point :-   (i) Vaidya Maya Ram Uniyal, an eminent scholar of Dravyaguna Vigyana with over 60 years of service, has been honoured with the Vanoushadi Vanaspati and Lifetime Achievement Awards, further consolidating his legacy in raising Ayurveda's stature worldwide.

      (ii) Vaidya Sameer Govind Jamadagni, founder of the Vishwa Vyakhyanmala national conference and Vishwa Ayurveda Prabodhini, has over 40 years of experience in the field of Ayurveda.

(iii) Instituted by the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India (GoI), the National Dhanwantari Ayurveda Award recognises the stalwarts who have dedicated their lives to Ayurveda. Each awardee receives a citation, a trophy featuring the Statue of Lord Dhanwantari, and a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh.

      - During the event, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), India's largest workers' association, joined the Global Coalition for Social Justice. BMS, along with the Confederation of Indian Industry-Employers' Federation of India (CII-EFI), presented a Joint Statement on Responsible Business Conduct.

Main Point :-   (i) Several key publications were launched during the event, including Best Practices on Responsible Business Conduct in India, Position Paper on Transforming India's Social Protection Landscape through Data Pooling, and Shram Samarth: A Journey to Excellence. Additionally, an exhibition showcased the use of technology in labour welfare, social security, and industrial safety.

      (ii) The event also commemorated the 74th Foundation Day of the ESIC, featuring an award ceremony that recognized outstanding achievements within the organization.

(ii) As per the World Social Protection Report (WSPR) 2024, India's social protection coverage has risen from 24.4% to 48.8%.

Main Point :-   (i) The exercise included simulated scenarios such as hijacking of fishing boats, smuggling, Improvised Explosive Device (IED) planting, and attacks on vital assets.

      (ii) It also featured coordinated sea and air surveillance by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) to enhance readiness against terror threats.

Main Point :-   (i) Union Minister Manohar Lal emphasized the importance of switching to renewable energy (RE) to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and achieve emissions targets.

      (ii) He also highlighted India’s cultural heritage and traditional practices, such as Ganga Deep Puja and Govardhan Puja, as examples of India’s ecological sensitivity, complementing modern sustainability efforts.

(iii) Carbon reduction targets will be implemented gradually, with a 40% reduction by 2027 and the remaining by 2030.