Main Point :-   (i) In February 2020, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved the NTTM with a financial outlay of Rs 1,480 crore for the period from 2020-21 to 2025-26.

      (ii) The mission’s objective is to establish India as a global leader in the Technical Textiles sector. A total of 168 research projects worth Rs 509 crore have been approved under the NTTM.

(iii) Since its inception in 2020, the Government of India (GOI) has allocated Rs 517 crore for the NTTM. As of now, Rs 393.39 crore has been utilized for various activities under the mission.

Main Point :-   (i) According to MoD, the first contract is for the supply of 66 LCHs to the Indian Air Force (IAF), while the second is for the supply of 90 LCHs to the Indian Army (IA).

      (ii) The supply of these LCHs is expected to begin from the third year (2027-28) and will be spread over the next five years.

(iii) The 156 LCHs will be manufactured at HAL's helicopter factories located in Bengaluru and Tumkur, Karnataka, with an annual production rate of 30 LCHs.

      - India hosted the 13th edition of Exercise INDRA in the Bay of Bengal in November 2023.

Main Point :-   (i) The exercise is structured into two phases. The Harbour Phase will take place from March 28 to 30, 2025, in Chennai. It includes the opening ceremony, Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEEs), reciprocal ship visits, sports events, and pre-sail briefings for participating personnel.

      (ii) The Sea Phase will be held from March 31 to April 2, 2025, in the Bay of Bengal. This phase features advanced drills such as tactical maneuvers, live weapon firings, anti-air operations, underway replenishment, helicopter cross-deck landings, and sea-rider exchanges.

(iii) The 14th edition of Exercise 'INDRA' features the participation of Russian Naval Ships Pechanga, Rezkiy, and Aldar Tsydenzhapov, along with Indian Naval Ships Rana and Kuthar, supported by the Maritime Patrol Aircraft P8I.

      - It helps MSMEs overcome challenges related to technology, workforce, and certification by linking academia with industry, offering hands-on training, and facilitating global market access through digital certifications.

Main Point :-   (i) Centers of Digital Excellence will be established by CII across the country to assist MSMEs in adopting customized digital solutions.

      (ii) Skill Development and Industry Collaboration aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry needs by creating a skilled technical workforce and fostering innovation.

(iii) NITI Frontier Tech Hub (NITI-FTH) was launched by NITI Aayog on March 5, 2025. It functions as a frontier tech action tank, driving advanced technological innovations to support India's economic and social growth.

      - The merchandise trade deficit with Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners increased to USD 26 billion.

Main Point :-   (i) The United States of America (USA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the Netherlands remained India's top export destinations, accounting for 33% of total exports.

      (ii) China, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Russia continued to be India's top import sources. Imports from the UAE saw a significant rise, mainly due to increased shipments of specific goods.

      - SEBI has proposed new position limits for index derivatives to better reflect actual market risks.

Main Point :-   (i) For index options, the end-of-day limits are set at Rs 500 crore (net) and Rs 1,500 crore (gross), while intraday limits are Rs 1,000 crore (net) and Rs 2,500 crore (gross).

      (ii) For index futures, the end-of-day limit has been increased from Rs 500 crore to Rs 1,500 crore, with an intraday limit of Rs 2,500 crore.

(iii) SEBI has extended the deadline for Regulated Entities (REs) to adopt the Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience Framework (CSCRF) until June 30, 2025, providing a 3-month extension from the original deadline.

Main Point :-   (i) The banking system has faced a persistent liquidity deficit despite RBI’s recent liquidity injections using tools such as daily VRR auctions, long-term VRRs, USD/INR Buy/Sell swap auctions, and Open Market Operations (OMOs).

      (ii) RBI is addressing the prevailing liquidity deficit of Rs. 1.58 lakh crore (as of March 2025), enhancing the ability of SPDs to efficiently manage short- and long-term liquidity needs.

Main Point :-   (i) The company plans to offer a diverse range of mutual fund products aligned with its research-driven investment approach.

      (ii) The new mutual fund venture will cater to various investor segments, including retail investors, High Net-worth Individuals (HNI), Ultra High Net-worth Individuals (UHNI), and institutional investors.

(iii) According to the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) January 2025 report, the Assets Under Management (AUM) of Indian mutual funds have experienced significant growth, rising from Rs. 24 lakh crore in March 2019 to Rs. 67 lakh crore in January 2025.

      - In March 2025, Atul Kumar Goel, former MD of Punjab National Bank (PNB), was named Chief Executive (CE) of IBA, taking over from Sunil Mehta.

Main Point :-   (i) Challa Sreenivasulu (C.S.) Setty began his career at State Bank of India (SBI) in 1988 as a Probationary Officer (PO). He later joined the SBI Board as Managing Director (MD) in January 2020, where he led the Retail & Digital Banking (RDB) vertical from 2020 to 2022.

      (ii) Before becoming MD, C.S. Setty headed the Stressed Assets Resolution Group (SARG) as Deputy Managing Director (DMD). He assumed charge as Chairman of SBI in August 2024.

(iii) The Indian Banks' Association (IBA) is an industry body representing both Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Private Sector Banks (PVBs). It is not a statutory body but serves as a premier service organization and association for Indian banks and financial institutions.

Main Point :-   (i) MSBPL will function as a securities broking firm, focusing on trading in shares, stocks, securities, debt instruments, commodities, currencies, and derivatives.

      (ii) This strategic expansion aims to enter the stock broking and derivatives trading business, positioning MobiKwik alongside established players in the sector.

Main Point :-   (i) Upon completion of this transaction, ISARC will become a subsidiary of Authum Investment. The RBI has also granted approval for Authum Investment to nominate two directors to ISARC's board.

      (ii) The deal takes place amid a turbulent phase for the Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) sector, with multiple firms exiting the market.

(iii) Notable departures include Blackstone-backed International Asset Reconstruction Company and Aditya Birla Asset Reconstruction Co. Additionally, Arcion Revitalization (supported by Apollo Global and ICICI Bank) and Lonestar India have also shut down operations.

      - Ambuj Chandna previously served as President and Head of Consumer Bank (Products) at Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Kotak Mahindra Bank (KMB) Limited.

Main Point :-   (i) During his 16-year tenure at KMB, Ambuj Chandna held several key leadership roles, including President - Consumer Assets, Head Consumer Assets, and Senior Executive Vice President (EVP) & Head Retail Liabilities, Investments, and Payments Products.

      (ii) Before joining KMB, he was associated with ING Vysya Bank (now merged with KMB), where he held key roles such as Chief Distribution Officer (CDO) - Retail Liabilities, Group Head Branch Banking, and Group Head Marketing, Liabilities, and Direct Channels.

(iii) His prior experience includes senior leadership roles at Fullerton Financial Holdings (FFH) Private Limited in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Citibank N.A. India, Deutsche Bank, Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), and GE TFS Limited (now known as GE Vernova T&D India Limited).

      - Key features of the drone include dual-safety mechanisms to prevent accidental detonation, a live feedback relay system for real-time payload updates, and a pilot-activated trigger via a radio controller for controlled deployment.

Main Point :-   (i) Developed by Major Cephas Chetan of IA and the TBRL team led by Dr. Raghvendra, each FPV drone costs ₹1.4 lakh. The Indian Army inducted an initial batch of five drones and plans to procure 95 more, totaling 100 units.

      (ii) The initiative, launched in August 2024, involved extensive trials in Pathankot under TBRL supervision, including explosive testing, aerial vehicle assessments, and trigger system evaluations.

(iii) The successful trials confirmed the drone's accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness in neutralizing targets, validating it as a cost-effective force multiplier for the Indian Army.

Main Point :-   (i) This state-of-the-art vehicle aims to enhance the operational mobility of India's defence forces, aligning with India's vision of Atma Nirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India).

      (ii) The vehicle is equipped with a Bharat Stage III (BS III)-compliant engine and a 7-speed Allison Automatic Transmission, supporting a Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of 65 tons. Developed through BEML's Futuristic Product Innovation and Incubation Centre (FPIIC), it strengthens India's defense self-reliance.

(iii) Designed to operate effectively in extreme terrains and challenging climatic conditions, this vehicle serves as a vital asset for defence operations.

      - World Piano Day was established in 2015 by German pianist and composer Nils Frahm. The first celebration took place on March 29, 2015.

Main Point :-   (i) The day promotes music education and encourages people of all ages to appreciate piano playing. It celebrates the piano's beauty, versatility, and cultural significance while supporting the piano ecosystem, including pianists, promoters, organizers, distributors, and technicians. It also fosters global participation through concerts, online events, podcasts, and special performances.

      (ii) The piano was invented in the 18th century by Italian instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731).

(iii) Originally named "Gravicembalo col piano e forte," meaning "soft and loud harpsichord," the instrument evolved into the modern piano, revolutionizing the music industry.

      - World Piano Day was established in 2015 by German pianist and composer Nils Frahm. The first celebration took place on March 29, 2015.

Main Point :-   (i) The day promotes music education and encourages people of all ages to appreciate piano playing. It celebrates the piano's beauty, versatility, and cultural significance while supporting the piano ecosystem, including pianists, promoters, organizers, distributors, and technicians. It also fosters global participation through concerts, online events, podcasts, and special performances.

      (ii) The piano was invented in the 18th century by Italian instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731).

(iii) Originally named "Gravicembalo col piano e forte," meaning "soft and loud harpsichord," the instrument evolved into the modern piano, revolutionizing the music industry.

Main Point :-   (i) The exercise began with the deployment of advanced surveillance assets from all three branches of the armed forces, including aircraft from the Indian Air Force (IAF), maritime aircraft from the Indian Navy (IN), helicopters, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), space-based resources from the Indian Army (IA), and Special Forces.

      (ii) The targets were swiftly neutralized using coordinated firepower from fighter jets, rocket systems, artillery, armed helicopters, swarm drones, loitering munitions, and kamikaze drones. The exercise was conducted in an electronically contested environment to simulate real-world combat conditions.

(iii) Prachand Prahar follows Exercise Poorvi Prahar, which took place in November 2024 in AR and focused on the integrated application of aviation assets.

      - In March 2025, L&T Finance (LTF) appointed Jasprit Bumrah as its brand ambassador to boost its presence and promote financial products. He will feature in ATL and BTL campaigns, with the partnership facilitated by RISE Worldwide. Bumrah also endorses JK Super Cement and Skechers Cricket footwear.

Main Point :-   (i) Under Rohit Sharma's captaincy, India secured victories in the International Cricket Council (ICC) Men's Champions Trophy 2025, Asia Cup 2023, and ICC Men's Twenty20 (T20) World Cup 2024, while finishing as runners-up in the ICC Men's ODI World Cup 2023.

      (ii) Apart from SRMB Steel, Rohit Sharma is the brand ambassador for several leading companies, including Adidas (Sportswear), CEAT Tyres (Tyre manufacturer), Dream11 (Fantasy sports platform), Max Life Insurance, Oppo (Smartphone), and Hublot (Swiss watches), among others.

      - The observance is jointly facilitated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the leading global authority in the UN system, and the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).

Main Point :-   (i) On December 14, 2022, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted resolution A/RES/77/161, titled "Promoting zero waste initiatives to advance the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," proclaiming March 30 as the International Day of Zero Waste.

      (ii) The first-ever International Day of Zero Waste was observed on March 30, 2023.

Main Point :-   (i) The agreement aims to enhance audit capabilities by leveraging advanced technologies, particularly geo-spatial tools, Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and big data analytics.

      (ii) The collaboration with a technically self-reliant organization like BISAG-N will not only strengthen audit capabilities but also highlight the technological expertise of public institutions. This product has been developed as part of the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiative.

(iii) According to the agreement, both organizations have agreed to develop a customized platform for audit analysis by leveraging geo-spatial data and other relevant data from the Prime Minister (PM)-GatiShakti pipeline.

      - This is an unsecured loan facility with a 5-year term, and the full amount will be repaid in a single payment at maturity. It is expected to enhance IREDA's presence in international financial markets.

Main Point :-   (i) According to IREDA, after hedging, the total cost of the loan is expected to be less than 7%. This makes it more cost-effective compared to similar loans with the same tenure in the domestic market.

      (ii) The overallotment or green shoe option allows the underwriter to buy back a certain number of shares at a fixed price to support the share price.

Main Point :-   (i) Rajiv Gauba, a 1982-batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, has played a key role in shaping important government policies and reforms.

      (ii) He served as Cabinet Secretary for a record five years (2019-2024), making him the longest-serving person in this role, surpassing Pradeep Kumar Sinha's tenure.

(iii) During his time as Union Home Secretary, he played a crucial role in major governance reforms, including the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.

Main Point :-   (i) In 2023, GE Aerospace signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with HAL to explore joint production of the F414 engines in India.

      (ii) With the procurement deal worth Rs 5,375 crore (approx. USD 650 million), India aims to enhance its domestic defense manufacturing capabilities and reduce reliance on foreign defense imports.

      - The contract, worth Rs 1,801.34 crore, was awarded for the NAMIS developed by Hyderabad (Telangana)-based DRDL, a unit of DRDO. The missile system has a range of 500 meters to 4 km, a speed of 230 meters per second, and is designed to enhance the Mechanised Infantry’s anti-tank capabilities with fire-and-forget technology and advanced sighting for precision strikes.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoD signed a Rs 698.66 crore deal for 5,000 light vehicles, manufactured by Pune (Maharashtra)-based Force Motors Limited and Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Mahindra & Mahindra Limited. These vehicles feature an 800 kg payload capacity and improved engine power for enhanced mobility across diverse terrains.

      (ii) The NAMIS (Tracked) is a third-generation anti-tank guided missile system designed for mechanized warfare. It offers fire-and-forget capability, reducing the need for manual guidance, improving battlefield survivability, and increasing lethality. The system is mounted on a tank-track platform and carries the NAG missile.

(iii) The newly procured light vehicles incorporate modern automotive technology to support troop movement, logistics, and rapid deployment. Their ability to operate in difficult terrains, including deserts and mountains, ensures seamless mobility for the Armed Forces during critical missions.

Main Point :-   (i) The upgraded website adheres to the Digital Brand Identity Manual (DBIM) of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Guidelines for Indian Government Websites (GIGW) 3.0.

      (ii) It includes multilingual support and an inclusive design for better accessibility, updated security protocols for enhanced protection, and a citizen-centric interface with unified branding for both domestic and global users.

(iii) DBIM acts as a comprehensive style guide, outlining the visual, textual, and experiential elements necessary to harmonize India's digital footprint.

      - The 14th edition of the Hurun Global Rich List, based on wealth calculations as of January 15, 2025, features 3,442 billionaires from 71 countries, marking an increase from 3,278 last year. The number of billionaires grew by 5%, while their total combined wealth rose by 13%.

Main Point :-   (i) For the first time since 2016, the USA topped the list with the most billionaires (870). China follows in second place with 823 billionaires, and India ranks third with 284 billionaires.

      (ii) New York has reclaimed its position as the global billionaire capital, while London ranks second.

(iii) Shanghai (92 billionaires) has become the Asian billionaire capital for the first time, surpassing Mumbai as Asia's billionaire capital.

Main Point :-   (i) During SMW 2025, India and Singapore signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to collaborate on a Green and Digital Shipping Corridor (GDSC).

      (ii) During SMW 2025, the Government Technology Agency of Singapore (GovTech), in collaboration with MPA, introduced Singapore’s inaugural Maritime Digital Twin.

Main Point :-   (i) In the overall ranking, New York City (United States of America, USA) retained the top position with a score of 769, followed by London (United Kingdom, UK) in second place with 762 points. Hong Kong (China) secured the third spot with a rating of 760.

      (ii) The Asia-Pacific region demonstrated strong performance, with six financial centres ranking in the global top 20.

      In January 2025, Indonesia officially joined BRICS as the 10th member.

Main Point :-   (i) The New Development Bank (NDB) was established in 2015 by BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—to support sustainable development and infrastructure projects in Emerging Market Economies and Developing Countries (EMDCs).

      (ii) The bank has an initial authorized capital of USD 100 billion, divided into one million shares valued at USD 100,000 each, ensuring financial strength for large-scale investments.

(iii) The first president of NDB was K.V. Kamath from India, who served from 2015 to 2020, contributing to the bank's early growth and strategic direction.

Main Point :-   (i) The IUCN first introduced the 'green status' in a paper published in the journal Conservation Biology in July 2021. The green status was developed to give a full conservation picture of a species.

      (ii) The new assessment method has 9 recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate.

Main Point :-   (i) As part of the recently signed ODA loan agreements, JICA has allocated funds for key development projects across India: Delhi Metro Phase 4 has been allocated ₹4,649 crore to enhance urban mobility, reduce traffic congestion, and lower air pollution in the National Capital Region.

      (ii) Chennai Seawater Desalination Plant (II) will receive ₹3,065 crore to develop desalination and water transmission infrastructure, ensuring a reliable water supply.

(iii) ₹2,106 crore is allotted for the Tamil Nadu Investment Promotion Program (Phase 3) to enhance infrastructure and skill development, while ₹669 crore is allocated to the Punjab Biodiversity and Natural Resources Conservation Project for afforestation, wetland management, and climate resilience.

Main Point :-   (i) Punjab & Sind Bank (PSB) (based in New Delhi, Delhi) was fined Rs. 68.20 lakh for two reasons: not reporting borrowers with non-fund exposures of Rs. 5 crore or more to RBI’s Central Repository of Information on Large Credits (CRILC), and allowing Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA) holders to open extra savings accounts.

      (ii) KLM Axiva Finvest Limited (based in Hyderabad, Telangana) was fined Rs. 10 lakh for not following the rules related to dividend declaration.

      - Policyholders can check their driving scores through the Zuno app, which gives real-time feedback and tips for improving driving behavior.

Main Point :-   (i) Zuno General Insurance’s ‘PHYD’ model offers personalized premiums, allowing safe drivers to reduce their insurance costs based on actual driving performance. This approach ensures that responsible driving is rewarded with lower premiums, making motor insurance fairer and more transparent.

      (ii) Additionally, policyholders can benefit from a rewards system that grants weekly and monthly incentives. They can also participate in a leaderboard within the app, fostering healthy competition among drivers while encouraging safer driving habits.

(iii) Zuno’s innovative approach enhances cost control by allowing drivers to influence their premiums through better driving behavior. By moving away from traditional fixed pricing models, this data-driven system aligns with global trends in motor insurance, leveraging technology for more accurate risk assessment and fairer premium structures.

Main Point :-   (i) Under the MoU, eligible customers can avail of a maximum loan of Rs. 10 crore, helping to remove financial barriers to adopting solar energy.

      (ii) The loans provided will have a repayment period of up to 10 years, and the interest rate will be based on the customer's credit profile.

      - The winners span across four categories. In fiction, Sigrid Nunez (USA) and Anne Enright (Ireland) were honored, while in non-fiction, Patricia J. Williams (USA) joined Rana Dasgupta as a recipient. The drama category recognized Roy Williams (UK) and Matilda Feyisayo Ibini (UK), whereas in poetry, Anthony V. Capildeo (Scotland/Trinidad and Tobago) and Tongo Eisen-Martin (USA) received the prize.

Main Point :-   (i) The Windham-Campbell Prizes were established in 2013 by writer Donald Windham in memory of his longtime partner, Sandy Campbell. These awards aim to support authors writing in the English language from anywhere in the world, across the four main categories of fiction, non-fiction, drama, and poetry.

      (ii) Administered by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, a part of Yale University Library, the prizes recognize literary excellence and provide financial support to authors, allowing them to focus on their creative endeavors.

(iii) The recipients of the 2025 Windham-Campbell Prizes will be honored in person this fall during Yale's annual international literary festival, celebrating their significant contributions to literature.

      - The Nila mission, developed by HEX20 India, was supported by IN-SPACe (Ahmedabad) and ISRO (Bengaluru), which assisted with testing and approved a tracking station at Marian Engineering College, Kerala. This collaboration strengthens India's small satellite ecosystem.

Main Point :-   (i) Developed in just four months, Nila was launched with support from Berlin-based Exolaunch GmbH. The satellite, weighing under 5 kg, includes an in-orbit demonstration payload from German company Dcubed GmbH, showcasing global collaboration in satellite technology.

      (ii) To support mission operations, HEX20 India established a ground station at Marian College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram. This facility trains students and faculty in satellite operations while receiving data from Nila and future missions, promoting hands-on learning and research.

(iii) HEX20 has signed MoUs with several academic institutions in Kerala, including Government Engineering College Barton Hill and Mar Baselios College of Engineering. The company is also preparing to launch a 50 kg satellite aboard ISRO’s PSLV by 2026, marking a significant step in India's space advancements.

Main Point :-   (i) Researchers from Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University (MSCB University) in Baripada, Odisha, have discovered a new species of wild ginger in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.

      (ii) The newly identified species has been named Zingiber jagannathii Sahu & Priyadarshini in honor of Lord Jagannath.

      - Ujjwala is the Official Mascot of the 2nd KIPG 2025. The design of Ujjwala is inspired by the house sparrow of Delhi, symbolizing the pride and fighting spirit of the city.

Main Point :-   (i) Jaspreet Kaur became the 1st athlete in KIPG 2025 to break a national record.

      (ii) She secured the gold medal in the 45-kilogram (kg) category, lifting 101 kg, surpassing her previous best of 100 kg.

      - The state will generate revenue from multiple sources. The Centre's devolution of taxes is estimated at ₹5,519 crore, while grants and aids will add ₹2,600 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) The government has allocated ₹17,303 crore for education, sports, and arts to enhance learning, promote sports, and support cultural programs.

      (ii) A total of ₹7,195 crore (6% of Budget) has been set aside for healthcare, ensuring better medical facilities and services. The funds will be used for purchasing new hospital equipment, upgrading specialty wards, and enhancing medical infrastructure.

(iii) A total of ₹10,741 crore (8% of Budget) has been allocated to improve water supply and sanitation facilities across the state. This includes dedicated projects such as the water supply to Mangalbaria block from Sapley Source at Upper Resikhola, Sribadam in Soreng district of Sikkim.

Main Point :-   (i) Aligned with Meghalaya’s vision of achieving a USD 10 billion economy, the event focused on policy reforms, infrastructure development, entrepreneurship, and grassroots economic networks as key drivers of growth.

      (ii) The state seeks to capitalize on its strategic location and the Act East Policy framework to attract cross-border investments and improve regional connectivity.

(iii) Launched in 2014 at the 12th ASEAN-India Summit in Myanmar, the Act East Policy succeeded the Look East Policy (1992) with the aim of strengthening trade and investment relations with Southeast Asian nations.

Main Point :-   (i) Protecting UN Staff: Since its founding in 1945, the UN has witnessed the tragic loss of hundreds of personnel in the line of duty.

      (ii) To address rising concerns over staff security, the UN Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution S/RES/868 in September 1993, marking the first Security Resolution on this issue.

(iii) Later, the Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel was adopted on December 9, 1994, and officially came into force in 1999.

      - In 2014-15, only 26% of mobile phones sold in India were locally produced, which surged to 99.2% by December 2024.

Main Point :-   (i) India currently manufactures 325 to 330 million mobile phones annually, with approximately 1 billion mobile phones in use nationwide.

      (ii) In 2023, the GoI approved its first major project with U.S.-based chipmaker Micron Technology Inc., with an investment of approximately Rs 22,000 crore.

(iii) In February 2024, the GoI approved a proposal by Tata Electronics Private Limited (TEPL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Sons, to establish a semiconductor fabrication facility in Dholera, Gujarat, at an estimated cost of Rs 91,526 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) India's renewable energy (excluding hydropower) share in electricity generation increased from 6% in FY15 to 12.1% in FY24. As of March 31, 2024, the country's RE potential reached 21,09,655 MW, comprising Wind (55.17%) – 11,63,856 MW, Solar (35.5%) – 7,48,990 MW, and Large Hydro (6.32%) – 1,33,410 MW.

      (ii) India's total renewable energy potential stands at 21,09,655 MW. Rajasthan leads with 20% (4,28,322 MW) in solar and wind, followed by Maharashtra (12%), Gujarat (10%), and Karnataka (10%) across solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower generation.

      - The Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) was launched on September 15, 2015, to reduce gold imports and mobilize domestically held gold for productive use. It replaced the Gold Deposit Scheme, 1999, and allows Scheduled Commercial Banks (excluding Regional Rural Banks) to accept gold deposits. Eligible depositors include resident Indians, HUFs, trusts, companies, and government entities.

Main Point :-   (i) Under GMS, deposits start from a minimum of 10 grams of raw gold (bars, coins, jewelry excluding stones/metals) with no maximum limit. The scheme has two components: Short Term Bank Deposits (STBD) with 1-3 years tenure (bank-determined interest and premature withdrawal allowed) and Medium & Long Term Government Deposits (MLTGD). MTGD has a 5-7 years tenure (2.25% interest), and LTGD spans 12-15 years (2.50% interest), with withdrawals permitted after 3 years (MTGD) and 5 years (LTGD).

      (ii) The Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTC) are BIS-certified facilities that handle gold deposits and redemptions, while GMS Mobilisation, Collection & Testing Agents (GMCTA) are BIS-certified jewelers/refiners authorized to process gold deposits.

(iii) Recently, the Government of India discontinued the MLTGD component of GMS effective March 26, 2025, and earlier in 2025, it also discontinued the Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) This strategic partnership seeks to enhance auditors' sector-specific expertise, improve risk and performance analysis, and promote transparency, accountability, and data-driven excellence in public financial management.

      (ii) A customized training course for 45 CAG officials is scheduled to commence in the 3rd week of April 2025.

(iii) The course is designed to equip CAG officials with essential skills to effectively audit and manage logistics and supply chain operations within the public sector.

      - As of March 2025, the total value of contracts signed for capital procurement in the current Financial Year 2024-25 (FY25) has reached Rs 1.40 lakh crore.

Main Point :-   (i) The procurement of these advanced 6×6 Gun Towing Vehicles aims to enhance the operational capabilities of the Indian Armed Forces. These vehicles are designed to provide high mobility and robust performance, particularly in challenging terrain.

      (ii) This procurement is crucial for the Indian Army, as it will bolster mobility and logistical support on various frontlines. The addition of these vehicles will ensure better operational flexibility and enhance the army's ability to conduct rapid deployments.

(iii) The MoD has also signed contracts worth Rs 6,900 crore for the procurement of 155-millimetre (mm)/52 Calibre Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems (ATAGS) with Bharat Forge Limited (BFL) and High Mobility Vehicle 6×6 Gun Towing Vehicles.

      - The Bank of India (BOI) signed its first-ever Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Indian Air Force (IAF) to offer customized banking benefits through the ‘BoI Rakshak Salary Package’ to IAF personnel, veterans, and Agniveers under the Agnipath scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU exchange ceremony took place at the IAF Headquarters in New Delhi, with Air Vice Marshal Updesh Sharma, Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Accounts & Air Veterans), presiding over the event.

      (ii) The package includes enhanced financial perks, such as Personal Accident Insurance (PAI) coverage of ₹100 lakh, providing security in case of unforeseen incidents. Additionally, it offers Air Accident Coverage of ₹200 lakh, ensuring substantial financial protection for IAF personnel. The package also includes special benefits on debit and credit cards, enhancing convenience and financial flexibility for account holders.

(iii) This partnership reflects BOI's commitment to providing tailored financial solutions to defense personnel, ensuring greater financial security and convenience for IAF members and their families.

Main Point :-   (i) This partnership further strengthens Bandhan Bank’s role as a SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) Service Centre for defence personnel.

      (ii) In collaboration with the Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA), MoD, the bank operates 557 designated branches for processing pensions and supporting defence pensioners and their families.

(iii) The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has appointed Bandhan Bank as an Agency Bank, authorizing it to handle tax collections under the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) and to disburse Central Civil Pensions and Railway Pensions on behalf of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), GoI.

Main Point :-   (i) NTPC REL has secured an unsecured loan, backed by a negative lien with limited exceptions. The funds will support the company’s Renewable Energy (RE) expansion in solar, wind, energy storage, and green hydrogen sectors.

      (ii) Indian Railways (IR), one of the largest electricity consumers, is committed to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2030.

(iii) This agreement aligns with India’s target of reaching 450 Gigawatts (GW) of RE capacity by 2030, highlighting the vital role of public sector entities like IRFC in facilitating the country’s green energy transition.

Main Point :-   (i) Dr. Bhattacharya serves as a professor of health policy at Stanford University and holds multiple affiliations, including research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and senior fellow at Stanford's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Freeman Spogli Institute, and the Hoover Institution.

      (ii) He directs Stanford's Centre for Demography and the Economics of Health and Ageing (CDEHA), focusing on critical areas such as government health programs, biomedical innovation, and economic policies.

(iii) Notably, Dr. Bhattacharya co-authored the 'Great Barrington Declaration' in October 2020, advocating for targeted protections as an alternative to widespread lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic.

      - He served as ED Director from 19 November 2018 to 18 November 2023, with multiple extensions.

Main Point :-   (i) During his tenure, Sanjay Kumar Mishra intensified the scrutiny of several former ministers and influential leaders, with the probe agency registering approximately 4,000 cases and carrying out over 3,000 searches.

      (ii) The EAC-PM, an independent advisory body, addresses critical economic issues and advises the Prime Minister (PM).

(iii) The council is chaired by Suman Berry, with Sanjeev Sanyal and Dr. Shamika Ravi as full-time members. Part-time members include Rakesh Mohan, Dr. Sajjid Chinoy, Dr. Neelkanth Mishra, Nilesh Shah, Prof. T.T. Ram Mohan, and Dr. Poonam Gupta.

      - The missile showcased high agility, accuracy, and reliability with a sharp turn rate to destroy the target. All weapon system elements, including the indigenous RF seeker, Multi-Function Radar (MFR), and Weapon Control System (WCS), performed as expected. Flight data was validated using ITR Chandipur’s range instruments.

Main Point :-   (i) VL-SRSAM is a next-generation SAM designed by DRDO's facilities, including DRDL and RCI in Hyderabad and R&DE in Pune. It is manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), a CPSE under the Ministry of Defence.

      (ii) The missile is developed for the Indian Navy as a quick point defense against supersonic sea-skimming threats like aircraft and UAVs. It has a strike range of 50 km and can reach an elevation of 15 km.

(iii) VL-SRSAM weighs 170 kg, with a length of 3931 mm and a diameter of 178 mm. It features a smokeless propulsion system and advanced Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) for enhanced combat effectiveness.

      - The Statement of Intent (SOI) was signed by T. K. Anil Kumar, Additional Secretary, MoRD, and Sharada Thapalia, Deputy Representative (Operations), UNICEF India. The event was also attended by Smriti Sharan, Joint Secretary, MoRD, Dr. Monika, Deputy Secretary, MoRD, along with team members from MoRD and UNICEF YuWaah.

Main Point :-   (i) The Digital Infrastructure Development initiative includes the establishment of Computer Didi Centers and Didi ki Dukan (women-owned retail outlets) across five states: Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Rajasthan. The initiative will start with 5 blocks and aims to expand to 35 lakh women across 7,000 blocks upon successful implementation.

      (ii) Under Skill and Employment Platforms, the Youth Hub will be launched as an aggregator platform to connect youth with job opportunities, skilling programs, and volunteering initiatives. This platform aims to bridge the gap between rural youth and employment avenues.

(iii) The initiative also focuses on empowering women through Lakhpati Didis, a program designed to create women entrepreneurs earning Rs 1 lakh annually, aligning with the government's vision of economic empowerment.

      - The National IP Awards 2024 were presented across 13 categories, recognizing remarkable contributions from individuals, academic institutions, startups, and corporations, further solidifying India’s position as a global innovation leader.

Main Point :-   (i) Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024: India improved its rank from 81 (2015) to 39 (2024).

      (ii) India now ranks sixth globally for trademark filings, with approximately 100,000 patent grants in the past year, reflecting a surge in IP activity.

(iii) An 80% fee reduction has been introduced for women entrepreneurs, startups, and Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to enhance IP participation.

Main Point :-   (i) For Phase-01, the Ministry has identified ten states for data consolidation at the central level. These states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Gujarat.

      (ii) As per ILO’s World Social Protection Report (WSPR) 2024-26, social protection coverage in India has significantly increased from 24.4% in 2021 to 48.8% in 2024.

Main Point :-   (i) The green ammonia produced in the proposed facility will be transported to Japan, where local power generation companies will use it as a clean energy source.

      (ii) The consortium will contribute their technical and financial expertise and will evaluate the feasibility of setting up a Special Purpose Company (SPC) for ammonia production and investment.

Main Point :-   (i) The species Sheathia rosemalayensis was discovered in Rosemala, located in the Kollam district of Kerala. It is named after the region, as the Western Ghats, also known as Sahyadri.

      (ii) This finding is crucial, as Sheathia species are extremely rare in India. Prior to this, only one other Sheathia species had been reported from the Himalayan region.

(iii) Other species in the Sheathia genus, such as S. assamica, S. indonepalensis, and S. dispersa, have a broader distribution, including Assam, Nepal, Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Main Point :-   (i) This is Pranati Nayak’s second medal at the FIG Artistic Gymnastics Apparatus World Cup, following her bronze in the vault event at Cairo in 2024.

      (ii) She becomes the third Indian gymnast to win an international medal in the vault event, following the achievements of Dipa Karmakar and Aruna Reddy.

(iii) Apart from her World Cup medals, Pranati Nayak has an outstanding track record, having represented India at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. She also won bronze medals at the Asian Championships in 2019 (Ulaanbaatar) and 2022 (Doha).

      - The website incorporates advanced features such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered search, multi-language support via BHASHINI (BHASHa Interface for India), person-led navigation, and centralized content management. It follows a three-click approach, ensuring better accessibility, uniformity, and ease of navigation for users while allowing them to access essential services and skilling resources with minimal effort.

Main Point :-   (i) The website acts as a unified digital hub, showcasing all major initiatives under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), such as Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Skill India Mission (SIM), and National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS).

      (ii) Each scheme is seamlessly linked to its respective dashboards, portals, and resources, enabling real-time tracking of performance metrics.

(iii) The integrated design promotes transparency and allows stakeholders, industries, and citizens to explore skilling opportunities, monitor progress, and engage with government programs more effectively.

Main Point :-   (i) The Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), in collaboration with MyGov, a digital platform providing access to Government of India services, launched a nationwide competition inviting contributions for the "Baalpan ki Kavita" initiative: Restoring Bhartiya rhymes/poems for young children.

      (ii) The contest invites participants to submit either traditional folklore rhymes (with author attribution) or newly composed, joyful poems in three categories: Pre-primary (ages 3-6), Grade 1 (ages 6-7), and Grade 2 (ages 7-8).

(iii) The competition will run from March 26, 2025, to April 22, 2025, and participants can submit their rhymes through the MyGov portal.

      - The Bureau of Indian Standards is India's national standards body established under the BIS Act of 1986. It functions under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution and is responsible for developing Indian Standards certifying products and systems and testing laboratories.

Main Point :-   (i) Mandatory BIS certification requires all hinges sold manufactured imported or stocked in India to carry the BIS mark to ensure quality standards. Hinges made for export are exempt from this requirement.

      (ii) The order allows up to 200 imported hinges per year for research and development as long as they are not sold commercially.

(iii) Violations may result in penalties including up to two years of imprisonment or a minimum fine of two lakh rupees for the first offense. Repeat offenses may incur a fine of five lakh rupees or ten times the value of the goods.

Main Point :-   (i) The stamp artistically portrays Mata Karma serving khichdi to Lord Krishna, with the sacred Jagannath Temple in the backdrop.

      (ii) This depiction honors the tradition initiated by Mata Karma, which remains an integral part of the temple's customs.

(iii) The commemorative stamp, along with philatelic items such as the First Day Cover (FDC) and Information Brochure, is available at Philately Bureaus nationwide and online at www.epostoffice.gov.in.

Main Point :-   (i) The $150 million loan is part of a $306 million financing package led by ADB, which includes $150 million co-financing from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Tokyo (Japan). Additionally, ₹500 million ($5.80 million) has been contributed by Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank), Mumbai (Maharashtra).

      (ii) The loan will support MSMEs, which contribute 30% of India's GDP and provide employment to 123 million people. This financial aid aims to enhance credit access, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, empowering small businesses and entrepreneurs.

(iii) Furthermore, the funding will boost EV adoption in line with India's EV30@30 initiative, which targets 30% electric vehicle sales by 2030. It will also help reduce air pollution by financing Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) compliant low-emission vehicles, promoting sustainable and eco-friendly transportation.

Main Point :-   (i) The solution integrates AI with human oversight to automate loan application assessments. It analyzes multiple data points, ensuring efficiency, accuracy, and scalability while prioritizing risk management. By minimizing manual intervention, the system accelerates credit approvals and strengthens PFL’s risk management framework.

      (ii) The system utilizes Large Language Models (LLMs) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to interpret complex data patterns, enabling more refined and data-driven lending decisions.

(iii) PFL anticipates a 40% increase in productivity for credit managers in retail lending, a sector crucial to advancing financial inclusion.

      - The minimum deposit amount is $5,000, with additional investments in multiples of $1,000. The bank has not specified a maximum deposit limit.

Main Point :-   (i) Interest rates are tenure-based and are revised monthly on the 1st of every month.

      (ii) Premature withdrawals are permitted, but a penalty fee applies. Investors cannot modify the FD tenure after making the investment.

Main Point :-   (i) The funds will be used to repower existing solar assets, improving their efficiency and operational performance.

      (ii) Backed by an $800 million investment from Actis' Energy Fund 5, BluPine Energy aims to develop a renewable energy portfolio exceeding 4 Gigawatts (GW) in India.

(iii) NaBFID, a specialized bank established by an Act of Parliament in 2021, has structured this transaction to support India’s transition to renewable energy by facilitating long-term infrastructure financing.

Main Point :-   (i) The lowered growth forecast is mainly due to external factors, such as rising United States (US) tariffs and the global pushback on globalization, which are expected to affect economies in the APAC region, including India.

      (ii) Despite the external challenges, S&P Global Ratings expects India's domestic demand to remain robust, supported by factors such as cooling food inflation and tax incentives announced in India's Union Budget 2025-26.

      - This is supported by the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) Scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) CGTMSE will provide funding support of up to 90-95% under this scheme. For loans up to Rs 5 crore without collateral, only 25% of the amount must be shown as an investment.

      (ii) The interest rates for these loans will range between 8.75% and 9.75%, depending on the credit rating of the unit. The funding process for new units is expected to be completed within 30 to 45 days.

Main Point :-   (i) Companies at various stages of growth can access funding, with ₹10 crore to ₹30 crore available for growth-stage startups and ₹30 crore to ₹60 crore for late-stage startups.

      (ii) The ₹1,000 crore fund aims to accelerate the growth of the Indian space economy, which is expected to rise from ₹8.4 billion in 2022 to ₹44 billion by 2033, while also increasing India's share in the global space economy to 8-10% by 2040.

Main Point :-   (i) JSW Steel holds a stronger valuation compared to its Indian peers. Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Tata Steel Limited, India's second most valuable steel company, has a market capitalization of around USD 23 billion, while New Delhi (Delhi)-based Jindal Steel and Power Limited is valued at USD 10.81 billion, and the state-owned SAIL stands at USD 5.5 billion.

      (ii) India's steel production rose by 3.5% to 37.38 million tonnes (MT) in the 3rd Quarter of the Financial Year 2024-25 (Q3 FY25), while steel consumption grew by 6.8% to 38.46 MT.

(iii) Founded in 1982, JSW Steel is the flagship company of the JSW Group. Headquartered in Mumbai, it operates an integrated steel plant in Toranagallu, Karnataka, and has expanded its footprint both across India and globally.

      - 360 ONE Private Equity Fund, registered with SEBI as a 'Category-II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF),' is also part of the combination.

Main Point :-   (i) The proposal includes the acquisition of certain road assets belonging to the Ashoka Buildcon Group.

      (ii) Mumbai-based Epic Concesiones 2 Private Limited (ECP2PL) has been approved to acquire a 100% equity stake in 11 road SPVs (Target SPVs).

(iii) These 11 road SPVs are currently owned by Nashik-based Ashoka Concessions Limited (ACL) and Ashoka Buildcon Limited (ABL).

      - In 2017, he won a silver medal at the Syed Modi International in India, partnering with Ashwini Ponnappa.

Main Point :-   (i) B. Sumeeth Reddy won a silver medal in the mixed team event at the 2022 CWG held in Birmingham, England.

      (ii) B. Sumeeth Reddy, who established the Sikki Sumeeth Badminton Academy in Hyderabad in 2021, is also a member of India's coaching panel and has been entrusted with mentoring the women's doubles players.

      - In 1982, on the centenary of Koch's discovery, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed designating 24 March as World TB Day under the campaign "Defeat TB: Now and Forever."

Main Point :-   (i) The first World TB Day was officially observed on March 24, 1983.

      (ii) On World TB Day 2025, Solna (Sweden)-based European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and Copenhagen (Denmark)-based WHO Europe released the "Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring in Europe 2025" report.

(iii) On World TB Day 2025, Union Minister of State (MoS) Dr. Jitendra Singh, Minister of Science and Technology (MoS&T), announced the completion of 10,000 genome sequences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, marking progress toward India's goal to eliminate TB by 2025—five years ahead of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s 2030 target.

Main Point :-   (i) On December 17, 2007, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted resolution A/RES/62/122, officially designating 25 March as the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

      (ii) The first observance of this day took place on 25 March 2008.

      - The budget introduces 13 new welfare schemes aimed at supporting job seekers and mentally challenged individuals. The highest allocation of ₹6,450 crore has been made to the finance department.

Main Point :-   (i) Major infrastructure projects include: Establishment of new police stations in West Agartala, East Agartala, Belonia, Baikhora, Bagbassa, and Madhupur in Tripur.

      (ii) A 'Bharat Mata Canteen cum Night Shelter' in Agartala, Tripura, with an initial budget of ₹2 crore, to provide convenience for visitors.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU was exchanged between Dr. Rishikesh Patankar, Vice President, NSDC, and Srini Venkatesan, Global Chief Technology Officer (CTO), PayPal.

      (ii) New Delhi (Delhi)-based NSDC was established on 31 July 2008. It operates as a unique Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model under the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE).

      - She also played a pivotal role in securing the Rs 1.12 trillion Liquidity Infusion Scheme (LIS) for the power distribution sector under the Atmanirbhar Bharat program.

Main Point :-   (i) In 2023, Parminder Chopra was awarded the 'Icon of the Year' award by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India.

      (ii) Parminder Chopra has extensive experience of over 35 years in the power and financial sectors.

(iii) She has worked with leading companies in India, including NHPC Limited and Power Grid Corporation of India (POWERGRID).

Main Point :-   (i) The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution A/RES/65/196 on December 21, 2010, officially proclaiming March 24 as this international day.

      (ii) The first observance of the day took place in 2011.

      - The investment and turnover limits for MSMEs have been increased, with Micro Enterprises now capped at ₹2.5 crore investment and ₹10 crore turnover, Small Enterprises at ₹25 crore investment and ₹100 crore turnover, and Medium Enterprises at ₹125 crore investment and ₹500 crore turnover.

Main Point :-   (i) The updated classification provides several benefits, including easier access to loans with lower interest rates, priority in government contracts, tax benefits, and duty exemptions. It also supports technology upgrades and innovation through various schemes.

      (ii) The revision aims to drive economic growth, accommodate inflation, and help businesses expand by providing a more flexible and supportive framework.

(iii) India has over 1 crore registered MSMEs, employing 7.5 crore people. MSMEs contribute 36% to the country's manufacturing output, with their share in total exports at 45.56%.

      - The BAANKNET portal offers key features to enhance the property auction process, ensuring transparency by integrating automated Know Your Customer (KYC) tools, secure payment gateways, and bank-verified property titles.

Main Point :-   (i) Currently, all 12 Indian Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) use this platform for listing and auctioning properties across India.

      (ii) The portal's robust architecture ensures reliability and accessibility through both mobile and web interfaces. It also provides comprehensive property listings, streamlining the auction process from property search to sale for all types of properties across India.

(iii) With a simplified navigation system, the portal offers an easy-to-use interface for property search and auctions, making the process user-friendly and accessible. Additionally, it ensures that all property titles are bank-verified, further enhancing the platform's credibility.

      - This move aims to ensure high standards of transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct of members and officials of the board.

Main Point :-   (i) The Board of SEBI has eased investment restrictions for Category-II Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs), including private equity and debt funds, enabling them to invest in listed debt securities rated 'A' or below.

      (ii) It has introduced key changes regarding the appointment of Public Interest Directors (PIDs) and the cooling-off period for key management personnel (KMP) and directors for Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs).

(iii) It has clarified that the earlier process of appointment of PIDs, which requires the approval of SEBI but not shareholders, will continue.

Main Point :-   (i) The data highlighted that the combined net profit of 12 Indian PSBs was at ₹1.41 lakh crore in FY24 against a net profit of ₹1.05 lakh crore in FY23 and earned ₹1.29 lakh crore in nine months (April-December) of FY25.

      (ii) As per the data, State Bank of India (SBI) emerged as the largest contributor to the overall net profit registered by PSBs during FY24, accounting for over 40% (₹61,077 crore), which marks an increase of 22% compared to the previous FY (₹50,232 crore).

Main Point :-   (i) Tier 1 Capital of RRBs will remain unaffected by unamortised pension expenses.

      (ii) RRBs were previously allowed to amortise their pension liability on account of the RRB (Employee) Pension Scheme 2018 for 5 years, beginning with the financial year ending March 31, 2019.

Main Point :-   (i) CIRL, which now partners with 43 insurance companies (including 23 life insurers), will leverage LIC's inclusion to expand value-added services for policyholders nationwide.

      (ii) Notably, LIC holds a 4.4% stake in CDSL and 8.3% in CIRL, while CDSL maintains 51% direct ownership and 3.25% via its subsidiary CDSL Ventures Limited.

      - The awards will be presented at The Music Academy's events, including the 99th Annual Conference and Concerts and the 19th Annual Dance Festival, scheduled from December 15, 2025, to January 1, 2026.

Main Point :-   (i) The Sangita Kala Acharya Award was presented to distinguished Carnatic singer and former A-Top graded artist at All India Radio (AIR) Shyamala Venkateswaran and leading Tavil artist R. Govindarajan.

      (ii) The Musicologist Award was given to Professor C.A. Sridhara, and the Nritya Kalanidhi Award was conferred to Urmila Satyanarayana.

Main Point :-   (i) Dilma Vana Rousseff is a Brazilian economist and politician who began her political career in the 1970s as a member of left-wing and Marxist urban guerrilla groups opposing Brazil’s military dictatorship.

      (ii) She joined the Workers' Party (PT) in 2001, served as Minister of Mines and Energy (2003) under President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and later became Brazil’s first female Chief of Staff. She was the 36th President of Brazil (2011-2016) and the only woman to hold the presidency, before being impeached on August 31, 2016.

(iii) In March 2023, she became the Chair of the New Development Bank (NDB), succeeding Marcos Troyjo.

Main Point :-   (i) Established in 1984, INTACH is India’s foremost heritage conservation organization, registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

      (ii) The organization operates nationwide, collaborating with government bodies and civil society to protect historical monuments, artifacts, and ecosystems.

(iii) The INTACH Charter, adopted in 2004, serves as a foundation document guiding heritage conservation in India.

Main Point :-   (i) In December 2023, Sanjay Kumar Singh was elected as President of WFI. Later, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS) suspended WFI, and an ad-hoc committee of the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) was formed to administer the federation.

      (ii) In March 2025, MYAS lifted the ban on WFI and restored its recognition as a National Sports Federation (NSF).

      - The 2025 KWC received support from the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) and its Commonwealth Games Major Events Legacy Fund. It was sponsored by Irish gambling company Paddy Power and received an additional GBP 500,000 from WMCA along with backing from the University of Wolverhampton.

Main Point :-   (i) The first Kabaddi World Cup was organized by the World Kabaddi Federation (WKF) in Malaysia in 2019, where India also won both the Men's and Women's titles, defeating Iraq and Chinese Taipei, respectively.

      (ii) The Men's competition had 10 teams divided into Group A and Group B. India, in Group B, competed against Italy, Scotland, Wales, and Hong Kong. The Women's event featured six teams, with India in Group D alongside Wales and Poland.

(iii) March 24 is celebrated as World Kabaddi Day, marking the founding of the World Kabaddi Federation in 2018.

      - The WMO, during its 12th Executive Committee session (EC-XII) held from June 27 to July 15, 1960, adopted Resolution 6 (EC-XII) to proclaim March 23 as World Meteorological Day each year.

Main Point :-   (i) The first-ever WMD was observed on March 23, 1961.

      (ii) The official WMD ceremony was held on March 24, 2025, at the WMO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

(iii) The India Meteorological Department (IMD), under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), celebrated WMD 2025 on March 22, 2025, at Mahika Hall, Prithvi Bhawan, New Delhi, India.

      - Additionally, NSTR management performs annual surveys using the Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status (M-STRIPES) application (app) and camera trapping, following guidelines set by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) based in New Delhi, Delhi, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) based in Uttarakhand.

Main Point :-   (i) The 2024 Annual Report on the Status of Tigers, Prey, and Other Mammals reveals that the tiger population in Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR), Andhra Pradesh, has grown to 76 individuals, excluding cubs. The report highlights the importance of prey density estimation for sustaining the tiger population and emphasizes Andhra Pradesh's role in maintaining the largest continuous tiger habitat in the Eastern Ghats.

      (ii) Under the Nagaravanams initiative, 50 urban green spaces have been created to mimic natural forests, with 11 more spaces sanctioned for 2024-25 and 12 proposals currently under review.Under the Nagaravanams initiative, 50 urban green spaces have been created to mimic natural forests, with 11 more spaces sanctioned for 2024-25 and 12 proposals currently under review.

(iii) NSTR spans 5,443 square kilometers, with a core area of 2,910 square kilometers, including Rajiv Gandhi and Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuaries, and a buffer area of 2,535 square kilometers.

      - Additionally, Rs 1,140 crore of working capital loans will be converted into preferred share capital. This financial support is aimed at streamlining production processes, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing the overall market position of RINL.

Main Point :-   (i) Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) is a Navratna company under the Ministry of Steel (MOS) and operates the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), India's first shore-based integrated steel plant.

      (ii) The plant specializes in producing long steel products, serving key sectors such as construction, infrastructure, manufacturing, and automobiles.

      - The Baroda mDigiNext mobile app simplifies cash management for corporates by offering 24/7 access to advanced financial tools, enabling quick decision-making and improved efficiency, convenience, and control over cash flow.

Main Point :-   (i) Key features of the app include transaction creation and authorization, bulk upload approvals, real-time transaction tracking, account summaries, a consolidated dashboard, and enhanced security through OTP verification and 3-Factor Authentication (3FA).

      (ii) Currently available on Android, the app will soon be launched on iOS, expanding accessibility for corporate users.

(iii) As per the Ministry of Finance (MoF), India recorded digital fraud losses of Rs. 4,245 crore across 2.4 million incidents between April and January of FY 2024-25.

      - The first Jnanpith Award was presented in 1965 to G. Sankara Kurup, and the 58th award was conferred upon Gulzar and Jagadguru Rambhadracharya.

Main Point :-   (i) Vinod Kumar Shukla's literary career began with the publication of his first poetry collection, Lagbhag Jai Hind, in 1971. His notable novels include Naukar Ki Kameez, Deewar Mein Ek Khidki Rahti Thi, and Khilega To Dekhenge.

      (ii) His works have gained widespread recognition and have been translated into several languages, including English, German, and Italian.

(iii) In 1999, he was honored with the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book Deewar Mein Ek Khidki Rahti Thi.

      - The project has successfully rehabilitated 2,626 tanks, 355 check dams, and 5,026 kilometers of supply channels.

Main Point :-   (i) A total of 94 artificial recharge wells have been constructed to replenish groundwater levels and combat water scarcity.

      (ii) The project has developed 117,290 hectares of farmland, helping farmers adopt modern agricultural practices and increase crop yields.

(iii) TNIAMP follows a multidisciplinary approach by collaborating with seven departments and three state universities, establishing it as a model for sustainable water management.

Main Point :-   (i) Justice Tandon has been serving as a judge in the Calcutta High Court since his appointment on April 13, 2010.

      (ii) He is currently ranked 7th in the All-India Seniority List of HC judges and is a senior puisne judge in the Calcutta HC.

Main Point :-   (i) The partnership aims to enhance undersea domain awareness by focusing on manufacturing, system interoperability, ocean testing, and establishing Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) capabilities for the Wave Glider ASV platform.

      (ii) It aligns with the US-India Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) initiative, fostering industry partnerships and strengthening production capabilities across the Indo-Pacific region.

(iii) In January 2025, India and the USA announced a first-of-its-kind partnership to co-produce Multi-Static Active (MSA) Sonobuoys. Ultra Maritime (UM) from the USA has partnered with Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) from India to manufacture these systems in India for the Indian Navy (IN).

Main Point :-   (i) This makes Paras Defence the first Indian company to develop such an advanced laser system, boosting local innovation in defence technology.

      (ii) The Total Addressable Market (TAM) for high-power laser defence systems is estimated at ₹25,000 crore.

      - UNIMA is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) affiliated with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Main Point :-   (i) World Puppetry Day was launched in 2003 by UNIMA to unite puppetry artists globally.

      (ii) The first-ever World Puppetry Day was observed on 21st March 2003.

(iii) WPD is now observed worldwide through UNIMA's National Centres and members.

Main Point :-   (i) The inaugural Earth Hour event took place on 31st March 2007 in Sydney, Australia, with over 2.2 million people and 2,000 businesses turning off their lights for one hour.

      (ii) Earth Hour has been observed in India since 28th March 2009.

      - Officially adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) via Resolution A/RES/47/193 in December 1992.

Main Point :-   (i) First observed on 22nd March 1993.

      (ii) The 2025 World Water Development Report (WWDR), titled 'Water Towers: Mountains and Glaciers', is published by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under UN-Water.

(iii) On World Water Day 2025, the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Government of Haryana, launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (JSA:CTR) - 2025 in Panchkula, Haryana.

      - They were arrested for their role in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, which involved the assassination of British police officer John Saunders in 1928.

Main Point :-   (i) On 23rd March 1931, the British government executed them by hanging at Lahore Central Jail (now located in Pakistan). Their martyrdom became a significant turning point in India's freedom movement, inspiring countless others to join the fight for independence.

      (ii) Other notable Martyrs' Days observed in India include 30th January, marking the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, 19th May for the Bengali Language Movement, 17th November for Lala Lajpat Rai’s martyrdom, and 19th November, celebrating the birth anniversary of Rani Lakshmibai.

(iii) These observances honor the sacrifices of India's great freedom fighters and reinforce the country's commitment to remembering its rich history of struggle and resilience.

Main Point :-   (i) The festival showcased an array of thrilling sports and cultural events, including yoga on snow, snow skiing competitions (short-distance, long-distance, and cross-country), traditional archery, yak and horse riding, and folk dance and music performances by students.

      (ii) The program featured captivating cultural performances by several Ama Thoqspa groups, highlighting the rich and diverse cultural heritage of Zanskar.

      - Prior to this role, he was the Deputy Managing Director (DMD) of IFCI from November 2023 and served as Executive Director (ED) at the National Housing Bank (NHB) from August 2020 to November 2023.

Main Point :-   (i) Rahul Bhave serves on the boards of several institutions, including IFCI Ltd. and Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd., and is the Chairman of the IFCI Social Foundation's Board of Trustees.

      (ii) IFCI Limited, a Systemically Important Non-Deposit taking Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC-ND-SI), supports industrial and infrastructure development and provides advisory services. It also manages various Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes under the "Atmanirbhar Bharat" initiative.

(iii) Additionally, IFCI promotes entrepreneurship among Scheduled Castes through the "Credit Enhancement Guarantee Scheme" and is consolidating with StockHolding Corporation of India Ltd. and other group companies, as approved by the Ministry of Finance in November 2024.

      - Tavasya, named after Bhima's mace in the Mahabharata, symbolizes the Indian Navy's strength. The frigate measures 124.8m in length, 15.2m in width, and has a 4.5m draught, with a displacement of 3,600 tons and a top speed of 28 knots. It features stealth capabilities, BrahMos missile systems, torpedo launchers, and advanced sonar and sensor systems, enhancing its combat effectiveness.

Main Point :-   (i) In October 2016, India and Russia signed an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for four Krivak-class stealth frigates. Two were built in Russia and imported for USD 1 billion, while the remaining two are being constructed in India by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) under a USD 500 million technology transfer agreement with ROSOBORONEXPORT (Russia) for materials and design assistance.

      (ii) INS Tushil, the first Russian-built frigate, was commissioned on December 9, 2024, while INS Tamal, the second, is undergoing trials and is expected to be commissioned by June 2025.

(iii) On January 25, 2019, the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India (GoI) signed a contract with GSL for the construction of two Project 1135.6 frigates. The first indigenous frigate, Triput, was launched on July 23, 2024, followed by Tavasya as the second.

Main Point :-   (i) The RBI fined IDBI Bank a penalty of Rs 36,30,000 for failing to conduct due diligence while processing inward remittances from a Foreign Currency Account (FCA) opened by a constituent, leading to a violation of Section 10(4) of FEMA, 1999.

      (ii) The RBI fined Citibank N.A. a penalty of Rs 36,28,000 for failing to comply with RBI's guidelines on reporting transactions under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS), which permits Indian residents to remit funds abroad. The penalty was imposed under Section 11(3) of FEMA, 1999.

Main Point :-   (i) Astroscale Japan specializes in developing advanced in-orbit servicing and space debris mitigation solutions. The company offers scalable services, including satellite life extension, space situational awareness, end-of-life disposal, and active debris removal.

      (ii) Since March 2021, Astroscale has successfully demonstrated proximity and docking operations through its End-of-Life Services by Astroscale-demonstration (ELSA-d) and Active Debris Removal by Astroscale-Japan (ADRAS-J) missions. Its spacecraft have been selected for key space projects by global agencies and organizations.

(iii) Bellatrix Aerospace completed three space missions in 2024, securing space qualification for its Green Propulsion and Electric Propulsion-based Hall-Effect Thruster technologies, along with their subsystems.

      - The first IDF was celebrated on March 21, 2013.

Main Point :-   (i) IDF is organized every year by the UN Forum on Forests (UNFF) and the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in collaboration with other partners.

      (ii) The report states that an estimated USD 460 billion annually is required to stop deforestation, but current funding is inadequate. Developing countries are facing an overwhelming debt burden, totaling USD 11 trillion.

(iii) In 2023, private financial institutions directed USD 6.1 trillion into sectors related to deforestation, while governments contributed USD 500 billion in subsidies that had detrimental environmental effects.

Main Point :-   (i) The Dialogue also hosts the Raisina Ideas Pod in partnership with Firstpost, India's premier international news platform owned by Network18 Group, featuring specially curated ministerial sessions and conversations on issues of global importance.

      (ii) During the Raisina Dialogue 2025, Union Minister S. Jaishankar, MEA, held several high-level meetings with leaders from Latvia, Nepal, Georgia, Ukraine, Thailand, and Maldives.

(iii) During the Dialogue, Bisleri International Private Limited, based in Mumbai (Maharashtra), in partnership with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), based in New Delhi, introduced a book titled 'Trading Blue Gold: A Blueprint for Water Credit Valuation in India' in New Delhi.

Main Point :-   (i) By focusing on immediate community needs, these projects are designed to improve the quality of life for Bolivian citizens and strengthen the foundation for a strong bilateral relationship between India and Bolivia.

      (ii) This development follows a meeting between EAM Dr. S. Jaishankar and Andre Aranha Correa do Lago, President of the United Nations (UN) Climate Change COP30 and former Ambassador of Brazil to India.

(iii) During the meeting, India assured its full support to Brazil’s leadership for ensuring a successful and result-driven COP30 summit.

      - The 2025 summit was co-hosted by Bloomberg Philanthropies, the WHO, Vital Strategies, and the City of Paris. The summit saw participation from mayors and officials from 61 cities, including leaders from Bogotá (Colombia), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Guadalajara (Mexico), Kampala (Uganda), Montevideo (Uruguay), Quito (Ecuador), and Santiago (Chile).

Main Point :-   (i) Launched in 2017, the Partnership for Healthy Cities is a global network of 74 cities aimed at reducing NCDs and injuries. This network impacts over 300 million people worldwide and provides policy training through its Policy Accelerator initiative.

      (ii) Córdoba, Argentina, was recognized for implementing a healthy school food policy, which aims to eliminate sugary drinks and ultra-processed foods in all schools by 2026. So far, 26 schools and 15,000 students (out of 138,000) have benefited from this initiative.

(iii) Fortaleza, Brazil, established the city's first legal framework for air quality surveillance in 2023, ensuring continuous monitoring of air pollutants with the installation of low-cost sensors. Greater Manchester, UK, expanded outdoor smoke-free areas, including a 6.5-acre smoke-free park, and launched a toolkit and communication guide to assist National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, which is part of a broader smoke-free strategy being scaled across the region.Fortaleza, Brazil, established the city's first legal framework for air quality surveillance in 2023, ensuring continuous monitoring of air pollutants with the installation of low-cost sensors. Greater Manchester, UK, expanded outdoor smoke-free areas, including a 6.5-acre smoke-free park, and launched a toolkit and communication guide to assist National Health Service (NHS) hospitals, which is part of a broader smoke-free strategy being scaled across the region.

Main Point :-   (i) In 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), during its 30th General Conference in Paris, France, first proclaimed 21 March (the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere) of every year as World Poetry Day.

      (ii) The first-ever World Poetry Day was observed on 21 March 2000.

Main Point :-   (i) The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), through its resolution A/RES/77/158 in 2022, declared March 21 as World Glacier Day.

      (ii) The UNGA also declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers' Preservation, with the goal of raising global awareness about the alarming retreat of glaciers due to climate change.

(iii) The observance is supported by UNESCO, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the Government of Tajikistan.

      - The meeting saw the participation of delegations from the ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN nations including Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam, along with member states of ADMM-Plus Nations (China, the USA, Russia, Australia, Japan, and South Korea).

Main Point :-   (i) Amitabh Prasad, Joint Secretary of International Cooperation (IC), Ministry of Defence (MoD), along with senior officials from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and the Indian Army (IA)'s Counter-Terrorism (CT) division, participated in the event.

      (ii) The two-day conference primarily focused on framing a robust and comprehensive strategy to tackle the evolving threat of terrorism and extremism.

(iii) Rajesh Kumar, Secretary, MoD, while addressing the inaugural session, highlighted India's counter-terrorism efforts, including the adoption of the Delhi Declaration during India's chairmanship of the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2022.

      - Additionally, the commission aims to utilize the skills and experiences of senior citizens for societal benefit, encouraging their active participation in the state's development.

Main Point :-   (i) The Kerala Senior Citizens Commission will have a Chairperson and at least four senior citizen members, including one woman and one person from SC/ST. Members will be appointed by the Kerala government through an official notification.

      (ii) The commission will be headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram and will receive administrative support from a government officer of Additional Secretary rank. The Registrar will be a Joint Secretary from the Law Department, while financial matters will be handled by a Deputy Secretary from the Finance Department.

(iii) According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)'s India's Ageing Report, 2023, by 2036, 22.8% of Kerala's total population will be aged 60 years and above.

Main Point :-   (i) Dr. Jitendra Singh launched BioSaarthi, a pioneering international mentorship initiative aimed at nurturing biotech startups for a period of 6 months.

      (ii) According to the India Bioeconomy Report 2025, the bioeconomy sector contributes 4.25% to India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The BioIndustrial segment accounts for nearly half of the bioeconomy, contributing 47.2%, while biopharma follows with a contribution of 35.2%.

Main Point :-   (i) The panel will include prominent industry figures such as Lalit Keshre (CEO, Groww), Jitendra Gupta (Founder, Jupiter), Varun Dua (CEO, Acko General Insurance), Ajay Kaushal (Co-founder, BillDesk), Vishnu Pillai (KPMG), and Ashish Garg (McKinsey & Company).

      (ii) The committee will focus on examining the challenges faced by fintech companies, reviewing existing policies and regulations, and analyzing global best practices in fintech governance.

(iii) Based on these insights, the committee will propose a long-term vision strategy and recommendations to enhance the fintech ecosystem in India.

Main Point :-   (i) The winners of the Indian Web Browser Development Challenge (IWBDC) were announced as follows: Zoho Corporation secured the First Prize with a reward of Rs 1 crore. The Second Prize, worth Rs 75 lakh, went to Team PING, while Team Ajna was awarded the Third Prize of Rs 50 lakh. Additionally, Jio Vishwakarma received a Special Mention for their outstanding contribution.

      (ii) The new web browser developed through the Indian Web Browser Development Challenge comes with several advanced features. It offers enhanced security with a built-in trust store, ensuring safer online experiences. The browser also includes digital signing for authentication, adding an extra layer of protection. For families, parental controls are integrated to ensure child safety while browsing.

(iii) Additionally, the browser supports multiple Indian languages, making it more accessible to a diverse user base. It is compatible with various platforms, including Windows, iPhone Operating System (iOS), and Android, ensuring broad usability across different devices.

      - The IAC plays a crucial role in advising IRDAI on regulatory matters concerning the insurance industry.

Main Point :-   (i) The committee comprises members from various sectors, including commerce, industry, and consumer groups.

      (ii) The IAC can have a maximum of 25 members, excluding IRDAI's chairperson and other ex-officio members.

(iii) As part of ongoing reforms, the IAC will submit its report within three months for review by the Department of Financial Services (DFS), which may include proposals for composite licenses for insurers and an increase in the foreign direct investment (FDI) limit to 100%. The IAC was established in 2000 under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.

Main Point :-   (i) According to RBI data, outflows from ECBs due to principal repayments reached USD 23.9 billion in the first 10 months of FY25.

      (ii) The data revealed that net inflows from ECBs were USD 9.5 billion in FY24, which is much higher than the inflows seen in FY23.

(iii) The RBI highlighted a continuous decrease in the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) since August 2024. This reduction has played a key role in lowering the overall costs of raising funds through ECBs.

      - The health insurance JV will be led by Amar Joshi, who is the CEO of Prudential India.

Main Point :-   (i) The health insurance industry saw a 10.44% Year-on-Year (YoY) increase in gross direct premium income, reaching Rs 1 lakh crore in the first 10 months of Financial Year 2025 (FY25). Standalone health insurers made up about one-third of this total. Currently, India has seven standalone health insurance companies.

      (ii) Prudential plc already operates in India through its joint venture with ICICI Bank, known as ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited. This company is the third-largest private life insurer in India by premium, after SBI Life Insurance and HDFC Life Insurance.

(iii) As of February 2025, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit for the Indian insurance sector has increased from 74% to 100%.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU will be valid for 3 years, with an option for both parties to extend it if desired.

      (ii) The MoU includes joint events, research partnerships, policy representation, exchange programs, and digital collaboration.

(iii) AIBI (previously called the Association of Merchant Bankers in India or AMBI) was recognized by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to set professional standards, ensure efficient services, and establish best practices in investment banking.

      - Sahitya Akademi is Also known as India's National Academy of Letters, it was formally inaugurated by the Government of India (GoI) in March 1954. It serves as the central institution for literary dialogue, publication, and promotion in the country, conducting literary activities in 24 Indian languages, including English.

Main Point :-   (i) The prize is awarded for translations first published during the five years preceding the year immediately before the Prize for Translation, i.e., between January 2018 and December 31, 2022.

      (ii) The awardee will receive a cash prize of ₹50,000 along with a copper plaque.

      - Sarra Zenzri's political career spans over 30 years in public administration. She began her career in 1989 as an engineer in the Ministry of Equipment, Housing, and Infrastructure, specifically in the Bridges and Roads Department.

Main Point :-   (i) Sarra Zaafrani Zenzri’s political career in the cabinet began in 2018 when she was appointed Minister of Public Works and Housing. She later served as the Minister of Equipment and Housing from 2021 to 2024, overseeing crucial infrastructure projects.

      (ii) In addition to her previous roles, Sarra Zaafrani Zenzri served as the Interim Minister of Transport from March 12 to August 25, 2024, further expanding her experience in managing critical sectors.

(iii) Tunisia is currently grappling with significant economic challenges. The country’s Debt-to-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio is approximately 80% in 2024, with a growth rate of just 0.4% and an unemployment rate of 16%.

      - In the 2024 elections, she became the first woman to be elected president of a Southern African country. She was the only woman among the 15 presidential candidates in the 2024 election.

Main Point :-   (i) Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah, born on 29 October 1952 in Onamutai, Oshana Region, is a prominent African leader and the first female president of Namibia.

      (ii) She has served as a Member of Parliament since 1990 and held several key positions, including Minister of Women Affairs (2000-2005), Minister of Information and Broadcasting (2005-2008), and Deputy Prime Minister (2015).

(iii) Nandi-Ndaitwah is the second African woman to be directly elected president, following Liberia’s Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and joins Tanzania's Samia Suluhu Hassan as one of the continent's few female presidents.

Main Point :-   (i) The Fit India Movement promotes various physical activities to spread fitness awareness and encourages fitness as a core aspect of daily life in India.

      (ii) The event also saw the launch of the book, "Benefits of Cycling," curated by experts from the Sports Authority of India's (SAI) National Centre of Sports Sciences and Research (NCSSR) team.

(iii) In 2019, Ayushmann Khurrana was awarded the National Award for Best Actor of the Year for his performance in Andhadhun. He shared the award with Bollywood actor Vicky Kaushal for URI: The Surgical Strike.

Main Point :-   (i) Bain Capital will buy the stake through its affiliates, BC Asia Investments XXV Limited and BC Asia Investments XIV Limited, in partnership with existing promoters, who will remain fully invested.

      (ii) The transaction will trigger a mandatory open offer for the purchase of an additional 26% stake in the company on an expanded capital basis (excluding warrants) at ₹236 per share.

(iii) Following the completion of the acquisition, the existing promoters will hold 28.9%, while Bain Capital will hold up to 41.7% stake in the company.

      - The genus Uniyala is named after plant taxonomist B.P. Uniyal, comprising 11 species distributed across Southern India and Sri Lanka.

Main Point :-   (i) Uniyala keralensis is a shrub species that grows 1 to 3 meters in height, with light purple florets. It differs from related species by having larger leaves, longer petioles, and fewer lateral veins. The species flowers and fruits from August to April.

      (ii) The species is found in open areas on the western mountain slopes of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve (ABR), at elevations ranging from 700 to 1,400 meters.

(iii) The current population of Uniyala keralensis consists of nearly 5,000 individuals across four subpopulations in a 250 square km area and is assessed as Data Deficient (DD) under the IUCN Red List.

      - In 2025, Nowruz was celebrated globally on March 20, but the UN designates March 21 as its official observance. The festival fosters cultural diversity and strengthens global unity.

Main Point :-   (i) In India, the Parsi community celebrates Nowruz twice—once on March 20 (Solar Hijri calendar) and again on August 15 (Shahenshahi calendar). The second celebration follows a calendar that does not account for leap years.

      (ii) Nowruz traditions include feasting, family gatherings, and rituals symbolizing renewal and prosperity. It is widely recognized as a time for new beginnings, reconciliation, and harmony among different cultures.

(iii) By promoting Nowruz, the UN encourages intercultural dialogue and appreciation of diverse traditions, reinforcing its message of unity and peace worldwide.

      - The Yellow and Blue Awareness Ribbon represents Down Syndrome.

Main Point :-   (i) The global awareness campaign was first observed in 2006 when the Down Syndrome Association Singapore, on behalf of Down Syndrome International (DSi), launched and hosted the WDSD website (from 2006-2010).

      (ii) On 19 December 2011, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted Resolution A/RES/66/149, proclaiming 21 March of every year as World Down Syndrome Day.

(iii) The first-ever WDSD was observed on 21 March 2012.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU aims to focus on research, faculty exchanges, and academic activities in mental health, along with developing programs to address conditions like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression among defense personnel.

      (ii) It also emphasizes providing specialized training for medical staff to effectively manage and support the mental health of military personnel and their families.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU was signed by Subrato Ghosh, Director (Personnel), GRSE, and Swarai Meru, Chief Engineer, PWD Nagaland, in the presence of Natarajan Partheepan, General Manager (Bailey Bridges), GRSE.

      (ii) Kolkata (West Bengal)-based GRSE is a Mini Ratna Category I company that dates back to 1884 and was taken over by the Government of India (GoI) in 1960.

      - He was honoured with the Padma Bhushan, India's 3rd highest civilian award, in the category of 'Arts' in 2006.

Main Point :-   (i) In May 2024, Konidela (K) Chiranjeevi was bestowed with the Padma Vibhushan, India's 2nd highest civilian award, in the field of Arts for his contributions to Indian cinema.

      (ii) He started his political career in 2008 with the launch of the Praja Rajyam Party (PRP) and later merged PRP with the Indian National Congress (INC) in February 2011. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) in Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Parliament) from 2012 to 2018.

(iii) He also served as the Union Minister of State (MoS) for Tourism with Independent Charge (IC) from 2012 to 2014.

      - Olympic Achievements: Kirsty Coventry won three medals at the 2004 Athens Olympics (Greece)—gold in the 200m backstroke, silver in the 100m backstroke, and bronze in the 200m medley. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics (China), she defended her gold medal in the 200m backstroke and secured silver medals in the 200m individual medley, 400m freestyle relay, and 400m medley relay.

Main Point :-   (i) World Championship Success: At the 2005 World Championships (Montreal, Canada), Kirsty Coventry won gold in the 100m and 200m backstroke and silver in the 200m and 400m medley. In the 2007 World Championships (Melbourne, Australia), she secured silver medals in the 200m backstroke and 200m medley.

      (ii) In 2008, Coventry broke her first world record in the 200m backstroke at the Missouri (United States) Grand Prix, surpassing the long-standing record set by Hungary's Krisztina Egerszegi in 1991. Her new record was 2:06.39. She competed in five Olympic Games, with her final appearance at the 2016 Rio Olympics before retiring as one of the most accomplished female swimmers in history.

(iii) After retiring from competitive swimming, Coventry was elected as the Chairperson of the IOC Athletes' Commission in 2018, representing Olympic athletes worldwide. In 2023, she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame for her contributions to the sport, further cementing her legacy in the world of athletics.

Main Point :-   (i) WSD was initiated by the Nature Forever Society (NFS) of India, founded by Indian conservationist Mohammed Dilawar, Eco-Sys Action Foundation (France), and other national and international organizations.

      (ii) The first WSD was celebrated on March 20, 2010.

(iii) In 2012, the house sparrow was officially declared the State Bird of Delhi (India) by the then Chief Minister (CM) Sheila Dikshit.

Main Point :-   (i) On 26 October 1966, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted resolution A/RES/2142 (XXI) titled "Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination," proclaiming 21 March as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

      (ii) The first-ever International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was observed on 21 March 1967.

      - The change also amends SEBI's circular from September 19, 2022, updated on December 28, 2023. This reform is based on recommendations from the public and the Social Stock Exchange Advisory Committee, chaired by Dr. R. Balasubramaniam.

Main Point :-   (i) The SSE, introduced in the Union Budget 2019-20, is a dedicated segment under existing stock exchanges to connect social enterprises with donors and investors. Its purpose is to channel funds to NPOs and for-profit social enterprises (FPSEs) while ensuring transparency through impact assessment reports and financial disclosures.

      (ii) ZCZP instruments are donation-based financial instruments where investors fund NPOs without expecting interest or principal repayment. They are issued only by SSE-listed NPOs, with funds used for predefined social welfare projects, and have a minimum maturity period of 5 years as per SEBI norms.

Main Point :-   (i) The event brought together government officials, industry leaders, researchers, and experts to explore strategies for achieving Net-Zero emissions in Bhubaneswar.

      (ii) A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between Dr. Vibha Dhawan, Director General of TERI, and Dr. Debi Dutta Tripathy, Additional Secretary to the Government of Odisha, to accelerate Odisha's clean energy transition.

(iii) Odisha has set specific milestones for its energy transition, aiming for completion by 2036, the 100th year of the state’s formation, and 2047, marking 100 years of India’s independence.

      - During the visit, New Zealand joined the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as its 50th member.

Main Point :-   (i) NZ PM Christopher Luxon engaged in summit-level discussions with PM Narendra Modi. Both leaders addressed bilateral, regional, and national issues, issued a joint statement, and signed several Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs).

      (ii) India and New Zealand launched negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), aiming to finalize it within two months. The agreement is expected to enhance trade and economic cooperation, particularly in agriculture, aerospace, and renewable energy sectors.

(iii) PM of New Zealand expressed interest in joining the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).

Main Point :-   i. The DAC has sanctioned the procurement of a 1350 HorsePower (HP) engine, Varunastra torpedoes, and Airborne Early Warning & Control (AEW&C) Aircraft Systems.

      ii. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), led by Prime Minister (PM) of India Narendra Modi, has approved a ₹7,000 crore contract for the procurement of 155 millimeter (mm) Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems (ATAGS).

IA plans to acquire 307 units along with 327 gun-towing vehicles, gradually replacing older 105 mm and 130 mm artillery systems.

      - In 2024, India ranked 3rd globally in terms of funding raised by startups co-led by women, following the USA and the United Kingdom (UK).

Main Point :-   (i) Globally, women-led tech companies secured USD 29.6 billion in funding in 2024, reflecting an 11% decline from USD 33.1 billion in 2023 and a 21% drop from USD 37.5 billion in 2022.

      (ii) Among Indian cities, Bengaluru leads in both the number of women-led startups and the amount of funding raised, followed by Mumbai and Delhi NCR (National Capital Region) in second and third place, respectively.

(iii) In 2024, the top cities with the highest funding for women-led startups were San Francisco, leading with USD 9.4 billion, followed by New York City with USD 1.9 billion, and London with USD 1.8 billion.

      - The partnership will leverage YES Bank's vast network, strategic partnerships, and industry expertise to help startups secure funding and increase their market presence.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU was signed by Dr. Sumeet Kumar Jarangal, Director of DPIIT, and a representative from Kyndryl Solutions.

      (ii) The DPIIT-Kyndryl Solutions partnership, focusing on digital transformation and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), aims to empower startups in the manufacturing and IT sectors by providing mentorship, infrastructure, and market access to integrate solutions into industries like automotive, pharmaceuticals, BFSI, oil & gas, and government services.

(iii) Startups will receive guidance on product development, market readiness, cybersecurity resilience, and enterprise deployment.

Main Point :-   (i) The "Samarth" Program aims to support startups and innovators focused on advanced technologies in Telecom Software Applications, Cyber Security, fifth generation (5G)/6G Technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) Applications, and Quantum Technologies.

      (ii) The program will be conducted in a hybrid mode, combining online and offline interactions. Each cohort will consist of 18 startups, with two cohorts running for six months each, accommodating a total of 36 startups. Only DPIIT-recognized startups are eligible to apply through the official links: www.cdot.in and cdot.sayuj.net.

(iii) Selected startups will receive funding of up to Rs 5 lakh, six-month office space at the C-DOT Campus, access to advanced R&D lab facilities, and potential collaboration under the C-DOT Collaborative Research Program.

Main Point :-   (i) Singapore topped among all cities and countries featured, with 108 companies, followed by Japan and South Korea, each contributing 91 companies.

      (ii) Among the top 10 companies on the list, five were from India: Lendbox, BluSmart, BigHaat (7th), Zypp Electric (8th), and Kuku FM (10th).

(iii) Other notable Indian companies on the list include: Gurugram (Haryana)-based BluSmart (6th), Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based e-commerce company Meesho (72nd), Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based Titan Company Limited (301st), Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Aditya Birla Capital Limited (ABCL) (374th), and Havells India Limited (396th).

      - MoPSW is implementing 839 projects worth ₹5.79 lakh crore under the Sagarmala Programme, with 272 projects already completed at an investment of ₹1.41 lakh crore. Additionally, ₹10,000 crore has been allocated for 119 projects across coastal states and Union Territories under the Sagarmala scheme.

Main Point :-   (i) With ₹40,000 crore in budgetary support, Sagarmala 2.0 aims to catalyse ₹12 lakh crore in investments over the next decade.

      (ii) It will focus on shipbuilding, repair, breaking, and recycling, aiming to expand port handling capacity to 10 billion metric tons annually by 2047.

      - BPCL will play a key role by establishing Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure (HRI) for VTOL aircraft, with upcoming Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, to support sustainable aviation and enhance the Hydrogen Valley Program.

Main Point :-   (i) BPCL will also engage in Research and Development (R&D) initiatives to develop an Indigenous Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Hydrogen Fuel Cell (HFC) with high power density to enable efficient vertical lift-off for the VTOL aircraft.

      (ii) As part of its Net Zero goal by 2040, BPCL plans to invest ₹21 lakh crore and will set up electric vehicle charging stations at approximately 7,000 fuel stations across India in the next five years.

(iii) BPCL, the second-largest Indian Oil Marketing Company (OMC) and a Fortune Global 500 company, will collaborate with ANERT and CIAL in this pioneering initiative, contributing to the country’s clean energy transition and sustainable transportation solutions.

Main Point :-   (i) Although supersolidity was theorized in the 1960s, its first experimental confirmation came in 2017 using traditional ultracold atom systems, specifically with dipolar quantum gases.

      (ii) The study involved leading institutions such as CNR National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO) in Italy, Princeton University in the United States, and several others, with funding from programs like the National Quantum Science and Technology Institute (NQSTI) in Italy and the European Union (EU).

Main Point :-   (i) Sarvam AI will deploy its AI solution to facilitate voice-based interactions with Aadhaar number holders, offering near real-time feedback on enrollment and update processes, including detecting any overcharging by service providers.

      (ii) The agreement includes fraud detection, where real-time alerts will be sent to Aadhaar number holders if any suspicious activity is detected during authentication.

(iii) The AI solution will support 10 languages, including Hindi, English, Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Odia, Punjabi, and Malayalam, with plans for additional language options in the future.

Main Point :-   (i) The awards recognize the courage and excellence of Print, Digital, and Broadcast journalists who maintain journalistic integrity despite political and economic challenges.

      (ii) The awardees were presented with a citation, a trophy, and a cash prize of Rs. 1 lakh.

(iii) In 2025, Mridulika Jha of Aaj Tak received the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism for her impactful coverage of the "Dunki route", the illegal immigration pathway used by Haryana’s youth to enter the United States.

Main Point :-   (i) Theme: 'I educate myself, therefore I act'.

      (ii) The theme emphasizes the importance of providing equitable access to quality education for all, especially in a world shaped by rapid technological advancements.

      - The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) will feature six reactors of 1,730 MW each, totaling 10,380 MW, contributing around 10% to India’s 100 GW nuclear energy target by 2047. Under India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) framework, operators hold primary responsibility for incidents, with a dedicated ₹1,500 crore insurance pool to address liability concerns.

Main Point :-   (i) India targets net-zero emissions by 2070, with nuclear power projects like Jaitapur and Gorakhpur playing a crucial role in clean energy expansion.

      (ii) The Viability Gap Funding (VGF) target for battery energy storage system (BESS) capacity has been increased to 13,200 MWh from 4,000 MWh, supporting India's renewable energy push.

(iii) India plans to invest ₹15 lakh crore in green energy, while the Philippines is considering India as a key buyer for nickel, essential for EV batteries.

      - The 22nd edition took place in the Mediterranean Sea from September 2-4, 2024.

Main Point :-   (i) India is represented by INS Vikrant, MiG-29K fighter jets, destroyers, frigates, and a Scorpene-class submarine, while France has deployed its nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, Rafale-M fighter jets, destroyers, and frigates.

      (ii) The Harbour Phase (March 19-20) focuses on professional and cultural interactions, while the Sea Phase (March 21-22) involves advanced air defense drills, anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, maritime patrol operations, and replenishment-at-sea exercises.

(iii) VARUNA 2025 highlights India and France’s shared commitment to maintaining a free, open, and secure maritime environment.

      - The first two recipients of the program are SeaPAC Pte Ltd, a leading saltwater prawn producer in Fiji, which received funding to expand production and enhance food security, and Kahuto Pacific, an aerial mapping company, which will use the funding to develop coastal mapping technologies for climate adaptation and disaster resilience.

Main Point :-   (i) The Frontier Seed (Pacific) program, supported by various partners, focuses on agriculture, renewable energy, fisheries, and technology to foster sustainable development and economic resilience in the Pacific region.

      (ii) ADB has allocated USD 2 million for the program, with an additional USD 2 million from the Philippines-based Ocean Resilience and Coastal Adaptation (ORCA) Trust Fund.

(iii) The program is supported by key partners, including the Finland-based Nordic Development Fund (NDF) and the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office (FCDO).

Main Point :-   (i) This initiative allows investors to store and access information on their demat and mutual fund (MF) holdings, along with Consolidated Account Statement (CAS) through DigiLocker, a key Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).

      (ii) The DigiLocker system will be notified about the user’s death by Know Your Customer (KYC) Registration Agencies (KRAs), and the system will automatically notify the data access nominees.

Main Point :-   (i) In January 2025, NIPL also partnered with Middle East-based payment solution provider Magnati to expand QR-based UPI merchant payments in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

      (ii) UPI is now operational in Singapore, Maldives, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Bhutan, Nepal, UAE, and Canada.

(iii) HitPay is a comprehensive payments infrastructure platform designed for growing businesses across the Asia Pacific (APAC) region, providing unified solutions for e-commerce, point-of-sale (POS), and business-to-business (B2B) payments.

Main Point :-   (i) The collaboration will focus on leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced technologies to achieve transformative outcomes. In healthcare, AI will be utilized for predictive health analytics and automated diagnostics, while in agriculture, AI-driven advisory tools and satellite systems will be used for precision farming and resource management.

      (ii) The initiative will also support foundational learning improvements in education. The Gates Foundation will assist implementation partners, co-identified with the Government of AP, to execute targeted interventions within state-driven programs.

(iii) The collaboration aims to create scalable models that can be replicated in other regions of India and globally.

Main Point :-   (i) The first World Day of Theatre for Children and Young People was observed on March 20, 2001.

      (ii) An initiative by ASSITEJ International, celebrating a series of global art-focused days from March 20 to March 27, in collaboration with other international organizations involved in live performance arts.

Main Point :-   (i) In March 2018, Vijay Sankar was appointed the Honorary Consul General of Denmark in Chennai, with jurisdiction over Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry, and other regions.

      (ii) He previously served as the Honorary Consul of Spain in Chennai for 10 years. He became a Director of Sanmar Group in 2021 and had been on its board from 1999 to 2004.

(iii) Vijay Sankar served as the President of the Indian Chemical Council from 2018 to 2020.

Main Point :-   (i) The acquisition aims to expand IIHL's footprint in India’s Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector, with a focus on long-term value creation.

      (ii) The acquisition process follows IIHL's successful bid in April 2023 under the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP), which was initiated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) due to financial irregularities in the Anil Ambani-led Reliance Group.

      - The anthem for KIPG 2025, "Khelega Khelega Mera India, Jeetega Jeetega Mera India" (My India will play, my India will win), aims to inspire both fans and athletes alike.

Main Point :-   (i) The second edition of KIPG will take place from March 20 to 27, 2025, at three venues in New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Indira Gandhi Arena, and Dr. Kami Singh Shooting Range.

      (ii) This edition will feature six para-sports: para-archery, para-badminton, para-athletics, para powerlifting, para shooting, and para table tennis, with over 1,300 para-athletes competing.

(iii) KIPG 2025 is part of the Khelo India Mission and will be organized by the Sports Authority of India (SAI), further promoting sports inclusivity and engagement. The inaugural KIPG was held in December 2023 in New Delhi, featuring events across 7 sports disciplines at three venues.

Main Point :-   (i) The book features detailed match statistics along with over 250 rare photographs capturing both on-field and off-field moments from the tournament.

      (ii) It narrates the journey of Ajit Pal Singh and his determined teammates as they battled fiercely to secure India's historic World Cup victory in Malaysia.

      - The resolution was proposed by Bhutan, a country that has prioritized national happiness over national income since the early 1970s. The first-ever International Day of Happiness was celebrated on March 20, 2013.

Main Point :-   (i) According to the World Happiness Report (WHR) 2025, Finland remains the happiest country in the world for the 8th consecutive year, followed by Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden.

      (ii) India has improved its ranking to 118th place (up from 126th in 2024), though it still reflects low levels of happiness.

      - World Oral Health Day Campaign Theme for 2024-2026: "A Happy Mouth is... A Happy Mind."

Main Point :-   (i) WOHD was first declared in 2007 and was originally celebrated on September 12, the birth date of FDI founder Dr. Charles Godon.

      (ii) In 2013, the observance date was changed to March 20 to avoid conflict with the FDI World Dental Congress taking place in September.

      - The state's per capita income is 1.8% higher than the national average.

Main Point :-   (i) The Telangana government has allocated Rs 24,439 crore for the Agriculture Department, including schemes like Rythu Bharosa and Indiramma Abhaya Hastham, and Rs 23,373 crore for irrigation projects in the FY26 budget.

      (ii) The 'Mega Master Plan 2050' has been introduced to decentralize growth, focusing on greenfield industrial clusters in Ranga Reddy and Mahabubnagar districts.

(iii) Telangana will develop India’s first Net-Zero Future City, setting a new benchmark for sustainable and smart urbanization.

      - Approval was granted for the establishment of a new Brownfield Ammonia-Urea Complex at Namrup, Assam. The complex will have an annual production capacity of 12.7 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT) of urea, with an estimated project cost of Rs 10,601.40 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) The Union Cabinet approved the construction of a 6-lane, access-controlled Greenfield National Highway (NH) to connect Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) Port (Pagote) with Chowk in Maharashtra. The project will span 29.219 kilometers with an estimated cost of Rs 4,500.62 crore.

      (ii) The approved initiatives are aligned with the goals of fiscal responsibility and ensure that they fall within the limits set by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Management (FRBM) Act.

(iii) These approved schemes are expected to drive significant growth and development across multiple sectors, including dairy, digital payments, agriculture, infrastructure, and the urea production industry, benefiting the economy and rural areas.

      - However, the cumulative value of India's merchandise and services trade recorded a negative growth of (-11.34%), decreasing from USD 76.15 billion in February 2024 to USD 67.52 billion in February 2025.

Main Point :-   (i) As per the data, India's overall merchandise exports declined for the fourth consecutive month of FY25, dropping by 10.8% to USD 36.91 billion in February 2025 from USD 41.41 billion in February 2024.

      (ii) Meanwhile, India's total services exports were estimated at USD 35.03 billion in February 2025, up from USD 28.33 billion in February 2024.

      - The Vigyan Dhara scheme focuses on upgrading R&D labs in academic institutions, supporting faculty development, student research, and fostering international collaborations. It also promotes R&D in sustainable energy, water, nanotechnology, quantum science, and biotechnology, while providing access to international mega facilities.

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme funds startups and technology commercialization, encouraging grassroots innovation through initiatives like INSPIRE-MANAK, aimed at students in Classes VI-X, to augment national aspirations and knowledge.

      (ii) India ranks 3rd globally in scientific publications with 2.44 lakh papers in 2022. The scheme has benefited 57,869 individuals, including students under INSPIRE-MANAK. Telangana has allocated Rs. 3.3 crore for 4,002 beneficiaries as of March 2025.

(iii) The scheme aligns with the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) for global-standard research and supports DST's 5-year goals to increase India’s researcher count and strengthen its R&D base.

Main Point :-   (i) The 'Arcot Ramachandran Seminar Hall' was also inaugurated at IIT Madras by Professor Kamakoti.

      (ii) Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Railways (MoR), announced the development of the longest hyperloop test track at the IIT Madras, Thaiyur Campus in Chennai.

(iii) The hyperloop features the world's longest student-run hyperloop infrastructure, with Asia's longest 410-meter tube developed by IIT Madras researchers in collaboration with the Ministry of Railways (MoR).

Main Point :-   (i) IMC will provide land for the plant and manage the collection and transportation of green waste. The IMC will earn Rs. 3,000 per ton in royalty fees for supplying wood and branches to the facility.

      (ii) Located in Indore (MP), this company will handle the establishment of infrastructure, including sheds, electricity, and water facilities, and will oversee the plant's operations.

(iii) Private firms have established the Meghdoot and sub-grade plants in Sirpur, Chhattisgarh, covering 10,000 to 15,000 sq ft, which process garden waste like leaves and small twigs from the municipal corporation.

Main Point :-   (i) The focus is on identifying concealed, deep mineral deposits using depth modeling and developing AI/ML algorithms for data cleaning, integration, modeling, and validation.

      (ii) Kolkata (West Bengal, WB)-based Coal India Limited (CIL), a Maharatna Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the Ministry of Coal (MoC), signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Hyderabad (Telangana)-based Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC), an autonomous Research and Development (R&D) institution under MoM.

      - Consumer price inflation dropped from 4.3% in January 2025 to 3.6% in February 2025, mainly due to lower food prices. The report projects inflation to decline to 4.0% by December 2025 but rise slightly to 4.3% by December 2026.

Main Point :-   (i) Fitch Ratings anticipates two additional policy rate cuts in 2025, reducing the rate from 6.25% to 5.75% by December 2025.

      (ii) Strong export growth and lower imports contributed significantly to GDP growth in 2025. However, net exports are expected to have a neutral impact on GDP growth in FY26 and FY27.

Main Point :-   (i) Mission Amrit Sarovar, launched on 24 April 2022, aims to develop and rejuvenate 75 water bodies in each district of India, with a total target of 50,000 ponds nationwide. As of October 2024, over 68,000 ponds have been completed, enhancing surface and groundwater availability across various regions.

      (ii) Phase II of the Mission focuses on ensuring water availability, promoting community participation (Jan Bhagidaari), and strengthening climate resilience and ecological balance.

(iii) Every Amrit Sarovar will have a pondage area of at least 1 acre (0.4 hectares) with a water holding capacity of about 10,000 cubic meters, surrounded by trees such as Neem, Banyan, etc.

Main Point :-   (i) Key initiatives under the collaboration between DoT and WhatsApp include the launch of the 'Sanchar Saathi portal' and mobile app, enabling users to report fraud, track connections, and manage lost or stolen devices.

      (ii) Additionally, a Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) will facilitate real-time intelligence exchange between DoT and over 550 stakeholders, including banks and law enforcement, to tackle telecom misuse.

(iii) To further promote awareness, DoT will conduct workshops for officials, Telecom Service Providers, and Sanchar Mitras, while WhatsApp will translate safety materials into multiple regional languages for better accessibility.

Main Point :-   (i) The S N Bose Building, named after the renowned Indian Physicist Dr. Satyendra Nath Bose, will serve as an advanced hub for research and training in nuclear science and technology.

      (ii) The facility houses advanced laboratories that support GCNEP's specialized schools, enhancing its capabilities in nuclear security, reactor technology, radiation safety, nuclear material analysis, and radioisotope applications.

Main Point :-   (i) The report indicated that 2024 is likely the first calendar year (CY) to exceed 1.5°C above the pre-industrial era, with a global average temperature of 1.55°C ±0.13°C above the 1850-1990 average, marking it as the warmest year in a 175-year observational record.

      (ii) Nearly 90% of the additional heat trapped by greenhouse gases (GHGs) is absorbed by the oceans, which is further warming ocean waters and impacting marine life, weather patterns, and sea levels.

Main Point :-   (i) This agreement aims to enhance bilateral trade by facilitating the use of INR and MUR for payments in all current account transactions and permissible capital account transactions.

      (ii) It will enable exporters and importers to invoice and settle payments in their respective domestic currencies, thereby fostering a market for INR-MUR exchange.

Main Point :-   (i) This scheme allows individuals to start investing with as little as ₹250, offering daily, weekly, or monthly SIP options to cater to diverse financial needs.

      (ii) The scheme, starting at just ₹250, makes investing accessible for first-time investors and small savers. Investors can set up SIPs through the Paytm application (app), SBI You Only Need One (YONO), and other digital platforms.

(iii) This initiative aims to democratize investing and contribute to long-term financial security for millions of Indians, particularly those in rural, semi-urban, and urban areas.

Main Point :-   (i) Paytm Money is now authorized to provide expert-backed research and advisory services for retail and institutional investors.

      (ii) The platform continues to support Mutual Funds (MF), stocks, Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), and the National Pension System (NPS), promoting financial inclusion.

(iii) Paytm Money has integrated features such as Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Trading Blocks for seamless payment deductions and advanced tools to assist investors in making informed decisions.

Main Point :-   (i) Born in West Bengal (WB), Gayatri Spivak became a University Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, USA, in 2007. She is widely known for translating Jacques Derrida's De la Grammatologie and her influential essay Can the Subaltern Speak?.

      (ii) She received the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy in 2012, Japan’s highest private award for lifetime achievement in arts and sciences. In 2013, she was honored with the Padma Bhushan, India’s third-highest civilian award, for her contributions to Literature and Education.

(iii) Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak has authored nine books, including In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (1987) and A Critique of Postcolonial Reason (1999). Her works have been translated into over 20 languages, shaping postcolonial studies worldwide.

Main Point :-   (i) MeitY, in partnership with the Drone Federation India (DFI) based in New Delhi, launched the National Innovation Challenge for Drone Application and Research (NIDAR) under the 'SwaYaan-Capacity Building for Human Resource Development in Unmanned Aircraft Systems' initiative.

      (ii) S. Krishnan, Secretary of MeitY, formally inaugurated the challenge and launched the official website and registration portal (https://nidar.org.in/), along with the NIDAR poster and rule book.

(iii) Drone Federation India (DFI) is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led organization dedicated to promoting a safer and scalable unmanned aviation industry in India.

Main Point :-   (i) The prestigious Fellow of RAV (FRAV) Award was presented to 13 distinguished Vaidyas and scholars for their outstanding contributions in research, clinical practice, education, and propagation of Ayurveda.

      (ii) Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (RAV) also presented the Lifetime Achievement Award to four distinguished individuals for their exceptional contributions to Ayurveda.

      - VISION 2020 India addresses the significant public health issue of blindness in India, with around 5 million blind individuals, 80% of whom have avoidable cases. The initiative provides free eye check-ups, surgeries, and vision correction services to underserved communities.

Main Point :-   (i) On March 18, 2025, Goibibo, an online travel platform based in Gurugram, appointed Indian cricketer Rishabh Pant as its new brand ambassador

      (ii) Rishabh Pant will feature alongside cricket legend Sunil Gavaskar in Goibibo’s latest campaign, highlighting the joy and adventure of travel.

Main Point :-   (i) Post-acquisition, BFS will hold 75.01% in both ventures, while the promoter entities will hold 24.99%. This will increase Bajaj Group’s ownership in the JVs to 100%.

      (ii) The acquisition is subject to regulatory approvals. Under the Share Purchase Agreement (SPA), BFS will directly acquire approximately 1.01% of each company, Bajaj Holdings & Investment will acquire approximately 19.95%, and Jamnalal Sons (promoter entities) will acquire approximately 5.04%.

(iii) Once the acquisition is completed, Allianz will no longer be a promoter of these JVs, and the JV agreements between Allianz SE and BFS will be terminated, marking the end of a 24-year partnership between Bajaj and Allianz.

Main Point :-   (i) Sunita Williams, a distinguished NASA astronaut and retired USA Navy Captain, was selected by NASA in 1998. She has completed three space missions—Expeditions 14/15, 32/33, and 71/72—accumulating a total of 608 days in space. During Expedition 14, she set a record for female spacewalks, totaling 29 hours and 17 minutes.

      (ii) Williams ranks second for the most days spent in space by a U.S. astronaut, with 608 days and 20 minutes, after Peggy Whitson’s 675 days.

(iii) Barry E. Wilmore, also a retired USA Navy Captain, joined NASA in 2000 and has completed three spaceflights, totaling 464 days in space. He served as Flight Engineer during Expedition 41 and Commander of Expedition 42, logging 167 days aboard the ISS, with 31 hours and 60 minutes of spacewalks.

Main Point :-   (i) Established in 1964 and headquartered in Chennai (TN), Blue Cross is India's leading and most active animal welfare organization.

      (ii) The organization pioneered the Animal Birth Control (ABC) program, the world’s first global initiative for the humane sterilization of street dogs.

Main Point :-   (i) The report showed that global trade expanded significantly to USD 33 trillion in 2024, a 3.7% increase (USD 1.2 trillion) from 2023. This growth was led by developing economies and strong services trade, except in regions like Europe and Central Asia.

      (ii) The report stated that India saw an 8% growth in goods imports in Q4 2024 compared to the previous quarter and a 6% year-on-year (Y-O-Y) increase in imports.

Main Point :-   (i) The agreement intends to offer customized credit solutions with attractive interest rates, focusing on Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to improve access to formal loans.

      (ii) Punjab & Sind Bank, with 1,575 branches, brings strong financial expertise, while Piramal Finance, with over 514 branches covering 13,000 pin codes, serves 4.5 million customers across 26 states.

(iii) Together, they combine solid underwriting practices with advanced credit evaluation tools to provide efficient credit solutions.

      - The economic slowdown is primarily attributed to weaker-than-expected growth in industrial sectors, while the services and agriculture sectors continue to show positive growth, with industrial growth expected to remain slow and the services sector continuing to drive overall growth.

Main Point :-   (i) The OECD forecasts a gradual decrease in interest rates in India, to keep inflation under control.

      (ii) For FY27, the OECD predicts inflation will fall to 4.1%.

(iii) The OECD pointed out that trade restrictions and geopolitical tensions are increasing costs for both production and consumption.

Main Point :-   (i) These bonds carry interest rate risk if sold before maturity. Their value decreases when interest rates rise and increases when interest rates fall.

      (ii) If the bond is held for more than 12 months, the gains are subject to a Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG) tax of 12.5%, which is lower compared to many other investment options.

(iii) A ZCB (Zero Coupon Bond) is a debt instrument that does not pay regular interest. Instead, it is sold for less than its face value, and the difference between the purchase price and the face value is the return the investor gets at maturity.

Main Point :-   (i) This year, the Major Dhyan Chand Lifetime Achievement Award was given to the winning team of the 1975 Men's World Cup, along with a cash prize of Rs 50 lakh. The Indian Men's Hockey team, captained by Ajit Pal Singh, defeated Pakistan in the finals of the 1975 Hockey World Cup held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

      (ii) Savita Punia was also named the Hockey India Baljit Singh Goalkeeper of the Year 2024 and received a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh.

(iii) Prasar Bharati, the official broadcaster of the Hero Hockey India League 2024-25, received the Hockey India Jaman Lal Sharma Award for its significant contribution in expanding the league's reach both in India and internationally.

      - Ensuring complete data ownership for India with no foreign control, it reinforces strategic autonomy. The vehicle boasts a top speed of 160 km/h, a range of over 500 km, a payload capacity of 690 kg, and a torque of 620 Nm.

Main Point :-   (i) In 2021, the Government of India (GOI) launched the iDEX Scheme with a budgetary allocation of Rs. 498.78 crore for five years, spanning from 2021-22 to 2025-26.

      (ii) The award is conferred by the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO), under the Department of Defence Production (DoDP), the Ministry of Defence (MoD), and the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) of India.

(iii) The iDEX scheme aims to foster innovation and technology development in the defence sector, ensuring that India builds, owns, and operates its advanced defence systems. The award is considered the first step toward induction into the Indian Defence Services.

      - From 2016 to 2018, he served as the Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister, followed by his role as Minister of Communications from 2018 to 2019. Additionally, he held the post of Minister of National Security from 2018 to 2021, playing a crucial role in overseeing national security policies.

Main Point :-   (i) Stuart Richard Young has been widely recognized as the "Minister of Everything" due to his extensive experience in handling multiple key portfolios and serving on various influential committees. His leadership and contributions have solidified his reputation within Trinidad and Tobago’s political landscape.

      (ii) In 2022, he was elected as Chairman of the PNM, further strengthening his leadership position within the party. His legal expertise was also acknowledged when he was appointed as Senior Counsel in June 2024. His growing influence led to his nomination as Prime Minister Designate by the PNM Parliamentary caucus in January 2025.

(iii) Beyond politics, Young is a member of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn in the United Kingdom (UK). He is also a founding member of Synergy Television (TV) and WI Sports TV stations, highlighting his contributions to the media industry.

      - Top nations such as Germany, Japan, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan participated in the event.

Main Point :-   (i) The World Para Athletics Grand Prix will be an annual event in India until 2028, as confirmed by the World Para Athletics Federation.

      (ii) The World Para Athletics Federation is the global governing body for the sport of para-athletics, established in 1989 as part of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

Main Point :-   (i) During the launch event, musician Anirudh Ravichander was presented with the first copy of the book.

      (ii) The book provides a deep and unique insight into the life, career, and lasting impact of M.S. Dhoni, shedding light on his journey both on and off the field, his contributions to Indian cricket, and his leadership of the CSK franchise.

Main Point :-   (i) NAI is also working on the world’s largest digitization project, preserving over six lakh pages each month and digitizing millions of records daily.

      (ii) Thanks to the success of this digitization effort, the 'Gyan Bharatam Mission' was launched to make India’s historical knowledge more accessible to the public.

(iii) The NAI, which is part of the Ministry of Culture (MoC), was founded on 11th March 1891 in Kolkata (then Calcutta), West Bengal (WB), as the Imperial Record Department. After the capital moved to Delhi in 1911, a new building designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens was completed in 1926, and all records were fully relocated by 1937.

Main Point :-   (i) Skechers’ roster of elite athletes includes Indian football legend Sunil Chhetri, global football stars like Harry Kane and Mohammed Kudus, basketball icons such as Joel Embiid, and Major League Baseball (MLB) players like Clayton Kershaw.

      (ii) Jasprit Bumrah was honored with the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for the 2024 International Cricket Council (ICC) Men's Cricketer of the Year.

Main Point :-   (i) Vasu Tiwari, Shalini Chauhan, and Tanya earned silver in the 25-meter Snowshoeing event, while Jahangir added a bronze.

      (ii) Radha Devi and Nirmala Devi clinched silver medals in Intermediate Slalom, F01 and F04 categories, respectively. Abhishek Kumar also secured a silver in the Novice Slalom, M02 category.

      - BC Asia Investments XV Limited and BC Asia Investments XVI Limited will acquire a shareholding in Dhoot Transmission Private Limited (DTPL), based in Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

Main Point :-   (i) Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), a leading FMCG company based in Mumbai, will acquire Jaipur-based Uprising Science Private Limited. HUL owns over 50 brands, including Lakme, Lux, and Knorr.

      (ii) Tata Sons Private Limited will acquire an additional 10% stake in Tata Play Limited, a Mumbai-based Direct-to-Home (DTH) provider, from Temasek Holdings Private Limited, a Singapore-based wealth fund owned by Baytree Investments (Mauritius) Pte Limited.

Main Point :-   (i) The 3rd edition of WPL was held from 14 February to 15 March 2025, with matches played across four cities: Vadodara (Gujarat), Bengaluru (Karnataka), Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh, UP), and Mumbai (Maharashtra).

      (ii) The tournament, branded as TATA WPL 2025, featured 5 teams: Gujarat Giants Women (GG-W), Royal Challengers Bengaluru Women (RCB-W), Mumbai Indians Women (MI-W), Delhi Capitals Women (DC-W), and UP Warriorz Women (UPW-W).

(iii) In the final, MI-W batter Natalie Ruth Sciver-Brunt became the first player to score 1000 runs in WPL history.

Main Point :-   (i) Global Recycling Day was established by the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) to promote the global significance of recycling. BIR was founded on 18th March 1948.

      (ii) The concept of Global Recycling Day was introduced by Ranjit Baxi, Founder of the Global Recycling Foundation, during his inaugural speech as BIR President at the 2015 BIR Convention in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

(iii) The first-ever Global Recycling Day was observed on 18th March 2018, marking the 70th anniversary of BIR.

      - The Revenue Deficit for FY 26 is estimated at Rs 6,390.07 crore, and the Fiscal Deficit is projected at Rs 10,337.97 crore, which constitutes 4.04% of the state’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Main Point :-   (i) To promote natural farming, the government plans to bring an additional 1 lakh farmers into this practice during FY 26, building upon the 1.58 lakh farmers who are already engaged in it.

      (ii) Under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005, the daily wage rate has been increased from Rs 300 to Rs 320 to support rural workers.

(iii) As part of the ‘Indira Gandhi Pyari Behna Sukh Samman Nidhi Yojana’, Rs 1,500 financial assistance will be provided to women turning 21 between January 1, 2025, and March 31, 2026, as well as those working in others' homes from June 1, 2025, and their eligible daughters. Additionally, a Special Task Force (STF) will be formed to tackle rising drug abuse in the state.

      - He began his career as a medical officer in Talcher, Odisha. He joined the BJP in 1980 and served as the Odisha BJP state president and a national executive member of the BJP.

Main Point :-   (i) Debendra Pradhan served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for two consecutive terms from 1998 to 2004, representing the Deogarh constituency in Odisha.

      (ii) During his tenure, he held the position of Minister of State (MoS) for Surface Transport from 1998 to 1999 and later as MoS for Agriculture from 1999 to 2001.

(iii) He also served as the National Vice President of the BJP between 2001 and 2002.

      - The PMIS App features an intuitive user interface for easy navigation, simple registration using Aadhaar face authentication, and the ability to filter opportunities by location and other parameters. It also offers a personalized dashboard with tailored updates and real-time alerts about new internship opportunities.

Main Point :-   (i) The Prime Minister's Internship Scheme (PMIS), announced in the Union Budget 2024-25, aims to provide 1 crore youth with internship opportunities in the top 500 companies in India over five years, bridging the gap between industry requirements and youth skills while helping them develop professional experience and advance their careers.

      (ii) The pilot project of the PMIS Scheme saw significant progress, with Round-I, launched from October to December 2024, posting over 1.27 lakh opportunities from 280 companies across 25 sectors in 745 districts, resulting in more than 82,000 offers extended to candidates. Round-II, which began in January 2025, saw 327 companies posting over 1.18 lakh opportunities, with the application window remaining open until the end of March 2025.

(iii) The PMIS targets youth aged 21 to 24 who are not enrolled in full-time education or employment. Interns will receive Rs. 5,000 per month and a one-time payment of Rs. 6,000. Companies are expected to cover training costs and 10% of internship expenses through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds.

Main Point :-   (i) To simplify the process, SEBI has simplified the Letter of Offer (LoF), which will now only require key details like the purpose of the issue, price, record date, and entitlement ratio.

      (ii) A monitoring agency must now oversee how the funds raised from all types of rights issues are used. Previously, issuers raising less than Rs 50 crore through rights issues didn’t need to appoint a monitoring agency.

(iii) With the new system, companies can raise funds more quickly than through the preferential allotment route, which takes 40 working days. This makes rights issues more efficient and investor-friendly.

      - The word 'Sarthi,' derived from Hindi meaning 'Charioteer,' is a system formally launched in 2023 to digitize all internal workflows of the RBI. It enables employees to securely store and share documents, enhancing record management and improving data analysis through reports and dashboards.

Main Point :-   (i) Launched by RBI in 2024, 'PRAVAAH' (meaning 'smooth flow' in Hindi) is a centralized, secure web-based platform that enables individuals and entities to apply online for regulatory approvals, licenses, and authorizations.

      (ii) All submitted documents are stored in the Sarthi database and managed digitally across RBI’s offices with centralized cybersecurity systems and digital tracking. Since its launch, the platform has digitized over 70 regulatory applications across 9 departments, with over 2,000 applications filed by the end of 2024, marking an 80% increase in monthly submissions due to its user-friendly interface.

(iii) The 12th annual industry awards recognize excellence in the central banking community, featuring 16 central bank categories and 15 partner and service provider categories. The official award ceremony is scheduled for June 2025 at One Whitehall Place, London (UK).

      - The India Masters, as the winners, were awarded Rs. 1,00,00,000 (1 crore rupees), while the West Indies Masters, as the runners-up, received Rs. 50,00,000 (50 lakh rupees) in prize money.

Main Point :-   (i) The IML is a Twenty20 International (T201) cricket tournament featuring former international cricketers.

      (ii) The inaugural season was held in 2025, with 6 teams participating: Australia Masters, England Masters, India Masters, South Africa Masters, Sri Lanka Masters, and West Indies Masters.

(iii) The tournament structure included a round-robin group stage, followed by knockout semifinals and the final.

      - His notable works include "Kete Dinara" (1962), "Aneka Kothari" (1967), and "Sri Radha" (1984), the latter earning him the Saraswati Samman in 1992.

Main Point :-   (i) Ramakanta Rath 's magnum opus, "Sri Radha," delves into the spiritual complexities of Radha’s devotion to Krishna.

      (ii) He served as the Vice-President and later as the President of the Sahitya Akademi, promoting regional languages and Indian literature on national and international stages.

(iii) His contributions were recognized with multiple prestigious awards, including the Sahitya Akademi Award, Sarala Award, and the Padma Bhushan in 2006 for his exceptional contributions to literature.

      - Under his leadership, 'The Cricket Institute, Udaipur' was established, promoting sports and athletes in the region.

Main Point :-   (i) To encourage professional polo in the UK, Mewar created 'The Udaipur Cup' at the Cambridge and Newmarket Polo Club in England and formed the Mewar Polo team in Udaipur. His Mewar Polo team made history by defeating the 61st Cavalry players in the 1991 President's Cup, leaving a lasting legacy in Indian polo.

      (ii) Arvind Singh Mewar received several prestigious awards, including the 'Lifetime Achievement Award' (2021) from Hotelier India, the VIII Annual Gala WT Institution Award (2012) for 'Contribution to Universal Culture' at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in New York, USA, and the 'Agastya Award' (2001) from the Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI).

Main Point :-   (i) The total estimated cost for Amaravati's development is Rs 50,000 crore.

      (ii) The World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) have committed Rs 15,000 crore for the project.

(iii) Additionally, HUDCO has sanctioned Rs 4,400 crore for Township and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TIDCO) housing projects in AP.

      - The summit was organized by the Government of Kerala with support from the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and EMC.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU was exchanged by Saurabh Rastogi, Executive Director (ED), REC, and Dinesh Kumar, Joint Director (JD), EMC, in the presence of key officials.

      (ii) REC Limited, based in New Delhi, was incorporated in 1969 and is registered with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC), Public Financial Institution (PFI), and Infrastructure Financing Company (IFC).

(iii) EMC, based in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, was established in February 1996. EMC is an autonomous organization under the Department of Power, Government of Kerala. The Kerala Government became the first State Government in India to establish an EMC at the State level.

      - His early career included a 13-year tenure at Goldman Sachs, where he held senior positions across multiple international offices. He was also involved in South Africa’s reentry into global bond markets and the 1998 Russian financial crisis resolution.

Main Point :-   (i) From 2011 to 2018, Mark Joseph Carney served as the Chair of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), overseeing global financial regulations. Between 2020 and 2025, he acted as the United Nations (UN) Special Envoy for Climate Action & Finance and co-chaired the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ).

      (ii) Mark Joseph Carney received several prestigious honors, including the Officer of the Order of Canada (2014) for his contributions to financial policy, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012) for public service, and Euromoney’s Central Bank Governor of the Year (2012).

(iii) His leadership as a central banker and policymaker has been widely recognized for shaping global financial stability and climate finance, making his transition to political leadership a historic milestone for Canada.

Main Point :-   (i) In the latest test, the engine was fired for a maximum duration of 100 seconds for the first time under non-vacuum conditions using the Nozzle Protection System.

      (ii) ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan announced that the Government of India (GoI) has approved the ambitious 'Chandrayaan-5/LuPEX' mission during an event held in Chennai, TN. For this mission, GoI has collaborated with Japan.

(iii) The mission is a step towards achieving India's goal of landing on the Moon by 2040.

Main Point :-   (i) VIKRAM3201: India’s first fully ‘Make-in-India’ 32-bit microprocessor, specifically designed for the extreme environmental conditions of launch vehicles. It was fabricated at SCL’s 180-nanometer (nm) Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) semiconductor facility.

      (ii) KALPANA3201: A 32-bit microprocessor based on the SPARC V8 (Scalable Processor Architecture, version 8) Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) microprocessor, adhering to the IEEE 1754 Instruction Set Architecture.

Main Point :-   (i) Tamilicum possesses unique features, including a dorsal surface of the head with a single whitish band across the anterior eye margin, a long vomerine teeth patch reaching half the length of the maxillary, and 120-129 total vertebrae.

      (ii) This marks the 14th eel species discovered in Indian waters by the NBFGR team.

(iii) The species’ identity was validated by international experts in eel taxonomy, and the findings were published in the international peer-reviewed journal Zootaxa.

      - CM Omar Abdullah also launched the official website for KIWG 2025 at the Civil Secretariat in Jammu, with the platform accessible at winter.kheloindia.gov.in.

Main Point :-   (i) The first phase of KIWG 2025 took place at the Nawang Dorjay Stobdan (NDS) Sports Complex and Guphuk Pond in Leh, Ladakh, from January 23 to 27, 2025.

      (ii) The second phase of KIWG 2025 was held from March 9 to 12 at Kangdoori Phase 1 and the Golf Course Club in Gulmarg, J&K.

(iii) The Indian Army (IA) won the KIWG 2025 title, securing 18 medals, including seven gold, five silver, and six bronze.

Main Point :-   (i) Once operational, Amravati Airport will become the third commercial airport under the Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited (MADC), joining Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Nagpur) and Shirdi Airport (Shirdi).

      (ii) The airport, developed by the Public Works Department (PWD) in 1992, had remained non-operational for public use until now.

(iii) MADC has undertaken significant upgrades to the airport, including extending the runway and adding other facilities to meet DGCA licensing requirements.

Main Point :-   (i) The event served as an international platform for exchanging experiences on emerging issues and strategies to implement the 12 key areas of concern outlined in the Beijing Platform for Action.

      (ii) The discussions were held through two ministerial roundtables focusing on the interconnected themes of: 'Digital Public Infrastructure to Accelerate Women-Led Development' and 'Financing Inclusion: Criticality of Core Resources.'

(iii) The roundtable saw participation from Ministers and high-level representatives from across the globe, including members of Group-20 (G20) countries such as Indonesia, Australia, South Africa, as well as other nations like Panama and Qatar. During the event, ministers shared their countries' experiences and perspectives on advancing women's rights.

      - The Gross NPAs of the MSME sector decreased from Rs.1.87 lakh crore (11% of total advances) in FY 2020 to Rs.1.25 lakh crore (4% of total advances) in FY 2024. This represents a substantial reduction in the sector's NPA burden.

Main Point :-   (i) To strengthen MSMEs, the Government of India (GoI) introduced the Framework for Revival and Rehabilitation via Gazette Notification S.O. 1432(E) on 29th May 2015. This framework provided a structured mechanism to resolve stressed MSME accounts.

      (ii) The Prudential Framework for Stressed Assets (2019) was introduced to ensure early recognition and time-bound resolution of NPAs. Additionally, the Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PPIRP) under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) was implemented for quicker and cost-effective MSME debt resolution.

(iii) Several relief measures, including COVID-19 loan moratoriums, revised working capital norms, and resolution frameworks (1.0 & 2.0), were introduced to ease financial stress. Additionally, the Union Budget 2024-25 announced a new mechanism to ensure an uninterrupted credit flow to stressed MSMEs, further strengthening the sector's financial health.

Main Point :-   (i) The pledge seeks to expand nuclear energy worldwide to meet rising energy demands and reduce carbon emissions.

      (ii) This pledge was first adopted at the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference in December 2023, aiming to address the growing energy demands of the tech sector and combat climate change.

(iii) Over 20 countries, including the United States of America (USA), and financial institutions like Bank of America, Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., and Morgan Stanley have backed the initiative.

Main Point :-   (i) The Tentative List is a list of sites that a country considers for future nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Sites must be included in this list before they can be officially nominated.

      (ii) The Tentative List contains sites that are either cultural, natural, or a combination of both, and are considered to have outstanding universal value.

(iii) Being on the Tentative List ensures that these heritage sites meet the necessary criteria and are properly evaluated before being nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage List.

      - The startup will now work with Category-1 banks (RBI licensed banks that can deal in foreign exchange) to handle export and import collection accounts, allowing businesses to make secure payments.

Main Point :-   (i) Currently, BRISKPE processes around 10,000 export transactions monthly. With the addition of import services, the company expects this number to increase to 100,000 transactions by the end of the next financial year (2025-26).

      (ii) This development aims to improve the efficiency, security, and transparency of international payment systems for businesses involved in global trade.

Main Point :-   (i) According to the MoU, J&K Grameen Bank will establish and finance 2,000 JLGs across the Union Territories (UTs) of J&K and Ladakh.

      (ii) Additionally, NABARD will provide a promotional grant of Rs 4,000 to each JLG through J&K Grameen Bank, helping to strengthen financial empowerment in the region.

Main Point :-   (i) The inflation in rural areas decreased from 4.59% in January 2025 to 3.79% in February 2025 (provisional data).

      (ii) Similarly, urban inflation decreased from 3.87% in January 2025 to 3.32% in February 2025 (provisional data).

Main Point :-   (i) The scheme is designed to encourage young writers under 30 years old, fostering reading, writing, and a strong literary culture in India. It supports the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, promoting a knowledge-driven society.

      (ii) The program begins with a national-level competition on the MyGov Portal, running from March 11, 2025, to April 10, 2025.

(iii) The National Book Trust (NBT), based in New Delhi, will manage the scheme and guide the selected authors. Their works will be published and translated into various Indian languages to encourage literary exchange.

Main Point :-   (i) The Government of India (GoI) also allocated Rs 391 crore for the establishment of India's first Indian Institute of Creative Technology (IICT) in Goregaon Film City, Mumbai (Maharashtra).

      (ii) Additionally, MIB and the Government of Maharashtra signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance collaboration in media, entertainment, and digital outreach.

      - The initiative saw participation from leading research organizations, including Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT) (Bhubaneswar, Odisha), the Swedish Energy Agency (Sweden), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Philippines).

Main Point :-   (i) The SteelCollab web portal was launched as a digital platform to connect industry leaders, academia, researchers, and startups for collaboration on decarbonization, digitalization, and advanced steel development.

      (ii) The Challenge Method Scheme aims to tackle critical steel industry challenges like improving plant efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. The Open Innovation Method Scheme promotes research collaboration between academia and the steel industry, while the Start-up Accelerator Scheme provides funding and mentorship to early-stage startups working on advanced steel technologies.

(iii) These initiatives focus on innovation, sustainability, and industry collaboration, supporting India's goal of achieving 300 million tonnes (MT) of steel production capacity by 2030.

Main Point :-   (i) The certification will be valid for three years, from March 6, 2025, to March 5, 2028, and BWSSB will undergo regular surveillance audits during this period. The next evaluations are scheduled for December 2025 and September 2026, followed by a renewal audit in November 2027.

      (ii) BWSSB satisfied stringent requirements for efficient, safe, and sustainable water management practices, covering all stages of water supply, including intake, treatment, distribution, and quality assurance.

Main Point :-   (i) The MoU aims to enhance cooperation in economic policies, financing tools, public-private partnerships, and investment. This collaboration will strengthen the bilateral relationship with Qatar, fostering mutual growth. Additionally, it seeks to explore new and emerging sectors for investment opportunities in both countries.

      (ii) This MoU marks a significant step toward shared goals between both nations. The Finance Ministries will collaborate by hosting expert workshops, seminars, and conferences, exchanging technical and documentary information, and facilitating dialogue between their business communities.

Main Point :-   (i) China, Russia, and Iran have been conducting joint naval exercises in this region annually since 2018, with the goal of strengthening military coordination in response to Western presence.

      (ii) Azerbaijan, South Africa, Oman, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Qatar, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Sri Lanka are attending the 2025 exercise as observers.

(iii) The drills include maritime target strikes, damage control operations, and joint search and rescue missions. Crews are also practicing daytime and nighttime firing using large-caliber machine guns and small arms against simulated enemy drones and unmanned boats.

      - Value Attics Reinsurance is promoted by Oben Ventures LLP, led by Kamesh Goyal, and Mauritius-based FAL Corporation, associated with Prem Watsa, the CEO of Canada-based Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited. The company will begin operations with a paid-up capital of Rs. 210 crore.

Main Point :-   (i) Before this approval, General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC Re), a public-sector company based in Mumbai, was the sole domestic reinsurer in India since 1972. GIC Re became the national reinsurer post-2001 insurance sector liberalization.

      (ii) In the same meeting, IRDAI designated Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), New India Assurance Company, and GIC Re as Domestic Systemically Important Insurers (D-SIIs) for the financial year 2024-25, recognizing their critical importance in the Indian insurance sector.

(iii) India currently hosts 13 foreign reinsurance branches, including global players like Munich Re, Swiss Re, and Lloyd's of London, contributing to the diversity and competition within the Indian reinsurance market.

      - The SpaDeX mission was launched on December 30, 2024, aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C60 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP).

Main Point :-   (i) The satellites, SDX-01 (Chaser) and SDX-02 (Target), were designed and developed by the Bengaluru-based U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) with support from multiple ISRO centers.

      (ii) Each satellite weighed 220 kilograms (kg) and was launched into orbit to test space docking capabilities. The docking was successfully carried out on January 16, 2025, demonstrating India's growing expertise in orbital maneuvers.

(iii) The de-docking process involved a series of planned operations, including the extension of SDX-02, the release of Capture Lever 3, the final disengagement of the Capture Lever, and decapture commands, resulting in flawless separation.

Main Point :-   (i) Mahmudullah Riyad made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka in Colombo on July 20, 2007, and became Bangladesh's 4th-highest run-scorer in ODIs with 5,689 runs at an average of 36.46.

      (ii) He remains the only Bangladeshi cricketer to score three centuries in the ODI World Cup—two in 2015 and one in 2023.

(iii) As a bowler, he took 166 wickets across formats, including a five-wicket haul (5/51) against West Indies in 2009.

      - The theme of IDM 2025, "Mathematics, Art, and Creativity," celebrates the intersection of mathematical discovery and artistic expression, showcasing how mathematics inspires and enhances creative endeavors.

Main Point :-   (i) The 40th General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), held in November 2019, officially proclaimed March 14 as the IDM.

      (ii) The first-ever IDM was observed on March 14, 2020.