An ethical dilemma arises when values conflict (e.g., Loyalty to a friend vs. Truthfulness to the employer). There is often no single "perfect" solution.

Integrity involves honesty and consistency of character. It implies acting according to one's values regardless of the circumstances or lack of supervision.

Deontology (associated with Immanuel Kant) focuses on moral duties and rules. It argues that some acts are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences.

Virtue ethics emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits (like courage, honesty, wisdom). It asks "What sort of person should I be?" rather than "What should I do?"

Law provides the "floor" (minimum standards) of conduct enforced by the state. Ethics often sets a higher standard ("ceiling"). Something can be legal but unethical (e.g., adultery, breaking a promise), or illegal but ethical (e.g., breaking an unjust law).

For example, Courage is the golden mean between Cowardice (deficiency) and Rashness (excess). Ethical behavior is about balance.

Ethics goes beyond legal compliance ("Letter of the law") to the "Spirit of the law" and moral obligations.

It is a distortion of moral vision that keeps ethical issues from coming into focus, often allowing individuals to act unethically without feeling guilty.

Confidentiality is the ethical value that directly supports the legal duty of secrecy. Without discretion, trust is broken.

From a deontological (duty) and virtue ethics perspective, respecting an employee's need for rest and family life treats them as ends in themselves, not just means to profit.

This test relies on public scrutiny and shame. If you are uncomfortable with the public knowing your action, it is likely unethical.

True ethics is self-imposed. It involves doing the right thing because it is right, not just because it is the rule.

He is weighing the consequences: the "greater good" (jobs/economic welfare) vs the harm (pollution). Utilitarianism looks at the net benefit to the maximum number of people.

Attitudes have three components (ABC Model): Affective (Feeling), Behavioral (Action), and Cognitive (Belief/Thought). Affective deals with emotions (like/dislike).

Belief: "I believe lying is risky." Value: "I value honesty." Values guide behavior and are deeply held convictions about priorities.

Applied Ethics examines specific controversial issues (like abortion, animal rights, corporate corruption) and uses ethical theories to resolve them.

It suggests that "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." What is ethical in one culture (e.g., bribery as "gift giving") might be unethical in another.

Altruism is the opposite of egoism. It involves acting to benefit others, sometimes at a cost to oneself.

The 3 questions are: 1. Is it legal? 2. Is it balanced? 3. How does it make me feel about myself? "Will I get caught" is a question based on fear of punishment, not ethics.

Values are deep-seated beliefs shaped by early socialization (family/school) and later environment (culture/experience).

Utilitarianism is a form of Consequentialism. It holds that the "ends" determine the rightness of the "means".

Legal ethics require a lawyer to provide the best defense for their client, regardless of personal belief in their guilt. This illustrates how professional ethics can differ from personal morality.

Personal values are internal beliefs about what is right and wrong, such as honesty, courage, and kindness.

This is a simple intuition test. If a decision causes guilt or anxiety (preventing sleep), it violates one's conscience and is likely unethical.