The Primary Market is where new securities are issued for the first time (New Issue Market). IPOs (first sale) and FPOs (subsequent sale by existing companies) allow companies to raise fresh capital directly from investors.

SEBI regulates the securities market, which includes corporate bonds, shares, and mutual funds. G-Secs are primarily regulated by RBI. Currency is RBI's domain. Bank FDs are regulated by RBI.

NSDL and CDSL are Depositories. They hold securities (shares, debentures) in electronic form to facilitate paperless trading and settlement.

A Green Shoe Option (Over-allotment Option) allows the issuer to authorize underwriters to sell additional shares (usually up to 15%) if demand is high, helping to stabilize the post-listing price.

ASBA is a process where the IPO application money remains blocked in the investor's bank account and is debited only if shares are allotted.

India moved from T+2 to T+1 settlement cycle (Trade date + 1 day) for equities, making it one of the fastest settlement systems globally. SEBI is also testing optional T+0.

Green Bonds are debt instruments specifically earmarked to raise money for climate and environmental projects like renewable energy, clean transportation, and water management.

For SGBs, the interest (2.5% p.a.) is taxable. However, capital gains arising on redemption of the bond (held till maturity) are exempt from tax for individual investors. No TDS is deducted on interest.

The Cut-off Price is finalized by the issuer in consultation with the Merchant Bankers based on the bids received. Investors bidding at the "Cut-off" agree to pay whatever final price is discovered.

SME Platform listing is for companies with post-issue paid-up capital up to ?25 Crore. If it exceeds this limit, they must migrate to the Main Board.

Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA) ensures that funds are debited from the investor's account only when shares are actually allotted, allowing them to earn interest on the blocked amount in the interim.

SEBI guidelines allow the Green Shoe Option (price stabilization mechanism) to be exercised for up to 15% of the total issue size.

A Rights Issue gives existing shareholders the "right" (but not obligation) to buy new shares in proportion to their existing holdings, usually at a discount to the market price.

SEBI mandated that all categories of investors (Retail, HNI, QIB) must strictly apply through the ASBA mechanism to improve efficiency and reduce refunds.

QIP allows listed companies to raise capital quickly from institutional investors without the lengthy regulatory process of a standard public issue.

Anchor Investors are allocated shares one day before the IPO opens to boost confidence. They have a lock-in period (partially 30 days, partially 90 days).

An IDR is an instrument in the form of a depository receipt created by a Domestic Depository (custodian of securities registered with SEBI) against the underlying equity of issuing company to enable foreign companies to raise funds from the Indian securities market. It is denominated in Indian Rupees.

P-Notes are issued by registered Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who wish to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly.

ISIN is a 12-digit alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies a specific security (like equity share, debenture, etc.) admitted in the depository system.

SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (LODR) sets out the compliance norms for listed entities to ensure transparency and protect investor interests.

T+1 means settlement occurs on the next working day following the trade day, releasing capital faster and reducing counterparty risk compared to T+2.

Market-wide circuit breakers are triggered by 10%, 15%, or 20% movement in either BSE Sensex or Nifty 50, leading to a temporary halt in trading.